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A health problem can be any actual or potential concern or condition which must be resolved or prevented to maintain optimal health of the individual. If ...
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outcomes, set goals, and make decisions based on needs and developmental level. Persons may be categorized as individuals, families, groups, communities, and/or populations. Health Health is a dynamic phenomenon, experienced in a unique way by each individual. It can best be viewed on a wellness/ illness continuum in which adjustments are made in order to maintain the relative constancy called homeostasis. Homeostasis is the ability of the person to maintain a state of balance or equilibrium while interacting with the environment. Wellness is a state of health in which basic needs are being met and homeostasis is maintained. A health problem can be any actual or potential concern or condition which must be resolved or prevented to maintain optimal health of the individual. If unresolved, the problem will result in illness or death, an alteration in the state of health in which there is an inability to meet basic needs and maintain homeostasis. Environment The environment includes all internal and external physical, safety and security, and psychosocial conditions affecting individuals, families, groups, communities, and/or populations. Unique responses by individuals, families, groups, communities, or populations to constant interaction with the environment result in varying degrees of health. A focus of nursing is to optimize the environment, in diverse health care settings in order to prevent illness; promote, maintain or restore health; or provide end of life care. Nursing Nursing is the art and science of assisting individuals, families, groups, communities, and/or populations to maximize health outcomes. Nursing is involved in assisting clients with health promotion, disease prevention, attaining or maintaining optimal health, and/or dying with peace and dignity. Nursing functions independently, dependently, and in collaboration with other health care providers to achieve the above goals. Knowledge, theory, and research from nursing and related disciplines are utilized for nursing practice. Nursing uses the nursing process to assess and meet the needs of clients. The roles of the AAS nurse are provider of care, manager, and member of the profession. In addition to the AAS roles of the nurse, the BSN nurse includes designer and coordinator of care. In the role of provider of care, emphasis is placed on holistic provision of health care to an increasingly diverse population across all environments. Through partnerships with clients and multidisciplinary teams, nurses serve as advocates and educators to deliver high quality care, evaluate care outcomes, and provide leadership in improving care of the individuals, families, groups, communities, and/or populations. Nursing entails ethical and legal accountability and responsibility to self, individuals, and society. In the role of manager/designer/coordinator of care, the nurse is responsible for providing leadership and management in diverse health care settings to promote high quality, cost-effective outcomes. The AAS nurse manages information. The BSN nurse, in addition to management, designs, and coordinates health care in diverse settings, delegates, and evaluates nursing care, and supervises other health care personnel in implementing care.
In the role of the member of a profession, the nurse develops and exhibits professional values, embraces lifelong learning, and incorporates professionalism into practice. The values inherent in caring as a nurse are autonomy, human dignity, and diversity. In addition, critical reasoning, evidence-based practice, communication, collaboration, and technology are emphasized in professional nursing. Professionalism is defined as the consistent demonstration of core values evidenced by nurses working with other professionals to achieve optimal health, and wellness outcomes in individuals, families, groups, communities, and/or populations. Professionalism involves accountability for one’s self and nursing practice, including continuous professional engagement, and lifelong learning. Learning Learning is the continuous, active process of acquiring new knowledge, skills, and values that bring about actual or potential change in behaviors. Learning occurs within the individual, building on previous educational, personal, and professional experience as applicable. For the AAS in nursing program and the BSN program option, each learning experience is planned and organized to provide for individual learning needs and achievement of identified end-of-program learning outcomes with supplemental experiences provided as needed. In order to assist students to attain the necessary competencies, the faculty select a variety of practicum environments. In the RN- BSN program option, opportunities are provided for students to participate in directing their own learning within the domain of nursing. Both programs utilize active learning strategies such as on- line classes, attendance at workshops, simulations, community projects, clinical/practicum experiences, case studies, seminar days, journaling, and other strategies as noted. Nursing Education Nursing education is a dynamic teaching-learning process involving active participation by both faculty and student. The faculty presents opportunities for students to acquire the knowledge, skills, and attitudes essential to provide holistic nursing care. Nursing education integrates knowledge from the liberal arts and sciences, enhancing critical thinking through utilization of a broad knowledge base. The American Nurses Association (ANA, 2015) publication, Scope and Standards of Practice provides guidelines for associate degree nursing education and practice; whereas, the baccalaureate program utilizes, The Essentials of Baccalaureate Education for Professional Nursing Practice (AACN, 2008) to prepare baccalaureate nurses for professional role sets. The AAS and BSN programs establish the foundation required for continued education within the discipline of nursing. The purpose of associate degree in nursing is to prepare graduates who apply the nursing process in the provision of direct nursing care in diverse settings where policies and procedures are specified and guidance are available. Emphasis in the program is placed on development of competencies essential to the practice of AAS in nursing as defined by the ANA, 2015, Scope and Standards of Practice. The associate degree nursing graduate is prepared to function as a provider of care, a member of the profession and a manager of care in acute and community based settings. The purpose of the BSN program is to prepare graduates for professional nursing practice. The purpose of the RN-BSN program is preparation of registered nurses for professional nursing practice. The nurse prepared at the baccalaureate level is a professional who has acquired a well- delineated and broad knowledge base for practice. Emphasis within the program is placed on role
Academic Dishonesty/Cheating Lincoln University holds its students to high standards of academic integrity and will not tolerate acts of falsification, misrepresentation or deception. More information can be found at the Academic Dishonesty website. Honesty forms the basis for quality nursing care. Academic honesty is an essential component of higher education. As a result, academic dishonesty will not be tolerated in nursing courses. Evidence of dishonesty in such areas as patient/client care, written work, including plagiarism, testing, and other methods of evaluation will be subject to discipline. Discipline may include course grade(s) reduction, program probation, program dismissal, and/or submission of the matter to the Office of Student Affairs. Students are responsible for understanding the definition of plagiarism and for proper documentation of written work. Anti-plagiarism software is currently used by Lincoln University and the School of Nursing and is an expectation prior to submitting papers as directed. Additional information can be found on the Lincoln University homepage.
or agent of the institution participating in any program under this title shall retaliate, intimidate, threaten, coerce, or otherwise discriminate against any individual for exercising their rights or responsibilities under any provision of this policy. Questions, concerns, and/or complaints can be addressed to the Title IX Coordinator, Zakiya Brown, 302 Young Hall, Lincoln University, Jefferson City, Missouri 65101; 573- 681 - 5501; titleix@lincolnu.edu. Access and Ability Services Students are hereby notified that this institution does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability in admission or access to its programs and activities. Questions that may arise in regard to the University's compliance with Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act should be directed to the Coordinator for Access & Ability Services, Thompkins Health Center, Lincoln University, Jefferson City, Missouri 65102-0029. For more information, contact the Coordinator of Access & Ability Services at: Thompkins Health Center; 573- 681 - 5167, email: holtmeyerg@lincolnu.edu. Services for Students with Disabilities Disability services are coordinated through the Office of Access & Ability Services. Lincoln University is committed to providing equal opportunities to persons with disabilities in accordance with Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, as it relates to the physical infrastructure of all the University property. Upon admittance to the University, any person requiring reasonable accommodations must contact the Office of Access and Abilities to register with the University before any accommodations will be afforded to them. Documentation of a disability from a qualified medical and/or authorized professional must be submitted before accommodations will be afforded to the individual requesting services. The types of accommodations vary greatly and are provided based on documented and expressed needs. The University also provides on-campus housing accommodations for students with physical disabilities. Requests for accommodations are provided in a timely manner. If a student finds that a classroom is inaccessible, he/she should report this to the Coordinator of Access and Ability Services or the academic dean of his/her college. Every effort will be made to make programs accessible. Any informal or formal grievance should be filed with the Office of Access & Ability Services. The procedure for doing so is outlined in print and electronically. AIDS Policy The Lincoln University’s statement of Policy and Procedure on AIDS may be obtained from the Office of Student Affairs. In keeping with University policy, the nursing program does not discriminate against students with AIDS; however, the nursing faculty reserves the right to limit a student's (with AIDS) patient/client care contact if he/she cannot control his/her body secretions. Student Support Services
Not participating in any assignment may be counted as an absence. Absences are required to be documented in the Learning Management System.
The Lincoln University School of Nursing is committed to educating nurses in providing the best possible patient care. Therefore, the curriculum requires proficiency in a variety of abilities. All students must have these abilities to fulfill program and course requirements. The abilities include but are not limited to: Physical § Possess sufficient energy and mobility to provide patient/client care to meet course objectives. § Transfer, lift, pull, and perform other demanding physical procedures as required to provide routine and emergency patient care, while ensuring the safety of self, patient/client, and others. § Provide patient/client care for up to 12 hours; attend practicum experiences at assigned times. § Utilize sight, hearing, smell, and touch to assess patients/clients at a distance and close at hand; effectively use diagnostic instruments and screening tools as required. (Examples include the use of an otoscope to assess the ear; use of the stethoscope to assess the heart and lungs.) § Use gross and fine motor skills while providing patient/client care, consistent with established nursing practice, and patient/client safety. (Examples include, but are not limited to, maintaining clean/sterile technique such as, urinary catheterization, tracheostomy care, giving an injection.) Cognitive § Elicit and interpret verbal and nonverbal communications. § Communicate effectively both verbally and in writing, using appropriate words, grammar, and vocabulary. § Make accurate decisions in a timely manner, under stressful and challenging conditions. § Utilize analysis, synthesis, critical thinking and mathematical calculations in the provision of safe patient care. Interpersonal § Interact professionally with individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations of various social, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds. § Use social skills to form a therapeutic relationship with individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations. § Possess compassion, integrity, motivation, and genuine concern for others. § Maintain professional behavior and demeanor when faced with challenging situations.
Communication/Email Effective verbal communication is essential in the nursing profession. Students are encouraged to use the following communication chain when they seek resolution to question or concerns that may arise during the semester. Student Course / Clinical faculty BSN Program Coordinator Department Head Dean of Professional Studies Vice President of Academic Affairs Students are expected to check their LU and Canvas e-mail on a frequent and regular basis in order to stay current with University related and course related communications, recognizing that certain communication may be time critical. It is recommended that your email and announcements be checked at least 2-3 times per week. Checking it on a daily basis is preferred. The instructors will only communicate through the Lincoln University e-mail and your Canvas email not your personal e-mail. Please note, as with all computer systems, there may be occasional scheduled downtimes, as well as, unanticipated disruptions. Students who do not have internet access at home may use computers in Elliff Hall, Page Library, or MLK. Technical assistance can be obtained by contacting the Division of Educational Innovation and Extended Studies at 573- 681 - 5206, the Information Technology Services at 573- 681 - 5888 or email helpdesk@lincolnu.edu, and the Canvas helpdesk which can be accessed by clicking the “help” button in Canvas, or calling Canvas at 855- 912 - 8224. Student Nurses’ Association Membership in the Lincoln University Student Nurses’ Association (LUSNA) and the state and national association is strongly encouraged. Membership in these organizations fosters professional liaisons and development which should serve as a prelude to involvement in professional organizations upon completion of the nursing program. Attendance Students are expected to participate in all discussion forums, projects, practicums, lectures, seminars, and other learning events and assignments for each registered class and complete all work assigned by the instructor. It is the student’s responsibility to review their current nursing course syllabi for synchronous and/or asynchronous attendance expectations, as well as how attendance is attained and then tracked in the learning management system. Due to the relationship between class participation/attendance and final course grades, lack of participation or not completing work will affect your final grade. Absences, excused or unexcused, may jeopardize the student’s ability to meet the course objectives. Progression Each student must satisfy all course requirements of each nursing course before progressing in the nursing sequence. In addition to the classroom grade, the course may include a laboratory and math practicum which must be successfully completed in order to pass the course. The clinical/practicum portion of the class is pass/fail. Unsatisfactory performance in either theory or clinical/practicum will result in failure for the course. Any student who earns a failing grade in clinical/practicum, but who has an average of 75% or more in theory, will be awarded a D for the course.
o Written documentation may be required on return to class. o If no arrangements are made, the student will receive a 25% grade reduction for that test. o Arrangements for make-up times must be made by the student within one week of the missed exam. o If a make-up test is granted, it may be a different version of the original test, covering the same content. o Quizzes: If a student misses a quiz for any reason, he/she forfeits those quiz points. No makeup quizzes are given.
It is the student’s responsibility to review their current nursing course syllabi to ensure awareness of any modifications in program or course testing policies. (For example, a temporary online testing policy was developed during the COVID-19 transition to distance-based learning.) Questions regarding current testing policies should be directed to course faculty. Academic Coach Referrals The decision to refer a student to the Academic Coach is at the discretion of the nursing faculty member(s). If a faculty member refers a student, the student’s attendance in meeting with the Academic Coach is mandatory. Students must meet with the Academic Coach within one week of referral. Students are allowed one reschedule with the Academic Coach per referral. A plan for success will be developed during the meeting with the Academic Coach. Student compliance with the action plan is expected. Non-compliance with the academic coach referral process will be reported to the Department Head / Dean and may result in disciplinary action. Assessment Policy Assessment measures allow students and faculty to determine the degree of success that students have in meeting program and student outcomes. Formative and summative assessment measures, such as, rubrics, surveys, nursing exams, and other measures are used during the nursing program. Student results are analyzed to determine program strengths and weaknesses. Based on this analysis, curriculum or program revisions are made to enhance student learning. In the final semester, students must take Kaplan comprehensive exit exams, complete supplemental instruction, and complete a NCLEX Review Course to pass the course. All students are required to complete Integrated Kaplan test(s) to fulfill course requirements. The test(s) will be administered in a computer lab and, depending on the course, may be given throughout the course and/or during the final weeks of class. Although test results will indicate a level of comprehensive understanding of course content, as assessed by a nationally normed test, meeting or exceeding the national benchmark for this test(s) does not indicate mastery of the specific Lincoln University course content. Program Probation/Dismissal The standards of professionalism as noted in this handbook will be upheld. These standards are comprehensive, and further specified in course syllabi and/or clinical/practicum evaluation tools. A student whose behavior falls short of the professional standards may be warned, placed on probation, or dismissed from the nursing program. Probationary status will be preceded by a formal written report of the behavior involved. The signatures of the faculty member involved and the student will be on the report. In addition, a written contract for achieving success will be developed with a timeline for improvement. A nursing student may be dismissed from their respective nursing program if the student is observed to be repeatedly deficient in applying any of the program outcomes, including the roles of the nurse as noted on the final clinical/practicum evaluation form of each clinical/practicum nursing course. This program policy is in accord with the Lincoln University Dismissal Policy. The following is a partial, but not exhaustive, list of behaviors, which may result in student dismissal from the nursing program:
§ American Heart Association Basic Life Support (BLS) for Providers Course (see below) § Criminal background fingerprint check (valid while continually enrolled) § Ten panel drug plus alcohol (valid while continually enrolled or per the clinical institution’s policy) § Hepatitis B vaccine series or antibody titer § MMR vaccine (2 doses) or antibody titers § Tdap vaccine (within the last 10 years) § Varicella vaccine (2 doses) or antibody titer § Annual Influenza vaccine § Annual PPD / Mantoux TB skin test – dates and times of the test placement and reading must be present on TB skin test documentation § COVID-19 vaccine series § Individual practicum agency requirements Additional documentation may be required based on the student’s submitted information. In addition to the above, for the RN-BSN program option students must also have the following: § RN license in good standing in the state where the practicum will be completed § Personal professional liability insurance (1,000,000/3,000,000) Due to the nature of the clinical/practicum experiences and the risk of exposure to injury and illness, all nursing students are strongly encouraged to have health insurance. The cost of treatment for illness or injury is the responsibility of the individual student. Transportation to and from the practicum is the sole responsibility of the student. Nursing students are required to provide documentation of certification to perform adult, child, and infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) prior to beginning clinical/practicum nursing courses. CPR courses must include a hands-on component for the practice of CPR. Online CPR courses will not be accepted. The course must be The American Heart Association “Basic Life Support Provider Course (CPR/AED).” Students must document current CPR certification throughout their enrollment in each program. The University provides professional liability insurance for the AAS and BSN program option students; however, additional liability insurance is an option at the cost of the student. The RN-BSN program option students must purchase their own personal professional liability insurance. Position Statement: Professionalism The faculty believe that each student is responsible for practicing in accordance with the ANA Scope and Standards of Practice (ANA, 2015) We further believe that the student must assure that the level and sophistication of his/her performance is appropriate to the level attained in the nursing program. Each student is accountable for the quality of his/her practice within the guidelines established for each course and the overall program. To further assist in evaluating his/her performance, the ANA Code of Ethics for nurses is provided below:
§ The nurse, in all professional relationships, practices with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and uniqueness of every individual, unrestricted by considerations of social or economic status, personal attributes, or the nature of health problems. § The nurse’s primary commitment is to the patient, whether an individual, family, group, community or population. § The nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health, safety, and rights of the patient. § The nurse is responsible and accountable for individual nursing practice and determines the appropriate delegation of tasks consistent with the nurse’s obligation to provide optimum patient care. § The nurse owes the same duties to self as to others, including the responsibility to safety, to maintain competence, and to continue personal and professional preserve integrity and growth. § The nurse participates in establishing, maintaining, and improving health care environments and conditions of employment conducive to the provision of quality health care and consistent with the values of the profession through individual and collective action. § The nurse participates in the advancement of the profession through contributions to practice, education, administration, and knowledge development. § The nurse collaborates with other health professionals and the public in promoting community, national, and international efforts to meet health needs. § The profession of nursing, as represented by associations and their members, is responsible for articulating nursing values, for maintaining the integrity of the profession and its practice, and for shaping social policy. To further assist in evaluating his/her performance, the Standards of Professional Nursing Practice (ANA, 2015) are provided below: § Assessment: The registered nurse collects comprehensive data pertinent to the healthcare consumer’s health and/or the situation. § Diagnosis: The registered nurse analyzes the assessment data to determine the diagnoses or the issues. § Outcome identification: The registered nurse identifies expected outcomes for a plan individualized tot eh healthcare consumer or the situation. § Planning: The registered nurse develops a plan that prescribes strategies and alternatives to attain expected outcomes. § Implementation: The registered nurse implements the identified plan, coordinates care delivery, and employs strategies to promote health and a safe environment. § Evaluation: The registered nurse evaluates progress toward attainment of outcomes. § Ethics: The registered nurse practices ethically. § Cultural Congruent Practice: The registered nurse practices in a manner that is congruent with cultural diversity and inclusion principles. § Communication: The registered nurse communicates effectively in all areas of practice. § Collaboration: The registered nurse collaborates with healthcare consumer, family and others in the conduct of nursing practice. § Leadership: The registered nurse demonstrates leadership in the professional practice setting and the profession.
law. It is a violation of the Missouri Nurse Practice Act to be impaired at work on any controlled substance regardless of whether the substance has been prescribed for them” (2019, p. 1). Any students with a valid medical marijuana card or license must report the use or intended use of medical marijuana to the Department Head prior to participating in a drug test and must complete a request for reasonable accommodation form and participate in an interactive discussion process with the Department Head. While a substance like marijuana may be legally used, it may be against regulatory agency or Lincoln University clinical partner policy to use or be under the influence of the substance in which case the use of medical marijuana may result in a nursing student's ineligibility to participate in clinical/practicum activities, disciplinary action, and dismissal from the Lincoln University School of Nursing. Testing is required for all students admitted to the nursing program in accordance with the clinical/practicum agency agreements. Additional testing may be required of any nursing student as a part of the placement requirement stipulated by the School of Nursing’s clinical/practicum agency agreement and specific site rules and regulations. The School of Nursing’s drug screening process at a minimum will include screening for alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, marijuana, opiates, phencyclidine, propoxyphene, methadone, and methaqualone. The School of Nursing reserves the right to test for additional substances not listed above and to test at various detection levels at the student’s expense. Lack of knowledge regarding the legality of a substance is not an excuse for a positive test result. Nursing students participating in any activity related to Lincoln University are subject to drug testing upon request if there is reasonable cause to believe that the student may be chemically impaired (using illegal drugs, misusing legal drugs, or misusing alcohol products). A student suspected of chemical impairment will have two hours to report for testing. Examples of reasonable cause include, but are not limited to, prior drug related charges in the justice system, prior drug treatment, acknowledgment of a current drug or alcohol problem, prior positive drug test results, signs of impairment from drugs or alcohol, or a pattern of abnormal behavior. Any current student who test positive for an illegal substance will be subject to disciplinary action. A negative test result will be required before a student can be released for return to participate in clinical/practicum or the laboratory setting. Re-testing/Expenses All expenses and associated cost of retesting will be the student’s responsibility. An increase in drug metabolite from the most recent test indicates usage and will be considered a subsequent offense. Any student testing other than negative for an illegal substance will be subject to repeated follow up testing. A test result other than negative shall necessitate retesting at the student’s expense. A student must retest within 48 hours of notification of results other than negative. Drug testing will be conducted at an approved lab contracted by the School of Nursing. Students will report to the lab within the testing window. A government issued photo ID is required at the drug test site. The student must be properly identified prior to the testing process. The School of Nursing acknowledges that some banned substances are required for some medical conditions and are used for legitimate medical purposes. Documentation from the student’s prescribing physician
will be requested by the Department Head / Dean if a positive test occurs. The Department Head / Dean will confirm the medical need and render the test negative, as appropriate. Dilute Test A dilute specimen, by definition, is a urine specimen that has a creatinine of less than 20 g/dl and a specific gravity of 1.003 or less. If the specimen meets the above criteria, it is reported as a "Dilute specimen" (Boyce and Bynum, 2015). A dilute test result will be considered positive and require further testing at the student’s expense. If a student receives a second negative dilute test, he or she will not be admitted to the nursing program. Current students with a second dilute negative result will be subject to disciplinary action. Disciplinary actions that may result from a positive drug test include:
Society holds student nurses to the same standards of practice as any reasonable, prudent registered nurse. It is for this reason that students are granted the privilege of practicing professional nursing under the supervision of a faculty member who is licensed in the State of Missouri. Students are expected to uphold the duty of care and not expose clients to unnecessary risks. A safe practitioner knows his/her limitations and functions within the limits specified within each clinical/practicum course. Safe practice shall include, but not be limited to, all professional interactions with patients/clients, their families, health team members, and faculty in a manner that is courteous and respectful and uncompromised by any factors springing from religion, culture, nationality, race, color, age, sex, or social differences. The safe practitioner shall uphold the rights and principles inherent in the Patient’s Bill of Rights. These interactions shall also extend to maintenance of confidentiality of all patient records and documents. The student is accountable to the patient/client, the patient/client’s family, the School of Nursing, Lincoln University, and the clinical/practicum agency. The Missouri Nurse Practice Act, the Code of Ethics (ANA, 2014 ), The Scope and Standards of Practice, (ANA, 2015), The Essentials of Baccalaureate Education for Professional Nursing Practice (AACN, 2008), and professional standards of practice should guide the student in the delivery of patient/client care. The student
