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2202472 PGCA
2202472 PGCA Introduction to Linux Operating System Linux is an operating system's kernel. You might have heard of UNIX. Well, Linux is a UNIX clone. But it was actually created by Linus Torvalds from Scratch. Linux is free and open-source, that means that you can simply change anything in Linux and redistribute it in your own name! There are several Linux Distributions, commonly called “distros”. Linux is a community of open-source Unix like operating systems that are based on the Linux Kernel.Initially, Linux was created for personal computers and gradually it was used in other machines like servers, mainframe computers, supercomputers, etc. Nowadays, Linux is also used in embedded systems like routers, automation controls, televisions, digital video recorders. Linux Distribution Linux distribution is an operating system that is made up of a collection of software based on Linux kernel or you can say distribution contains the Linux kernel and supporting libraries and software. And you can get Linux based operating system by downloading one of the Linux distributions and these distributions are available for different types of devices like embedded devices, personal computers, etc. Some of the popular Linux distributions are: ▪ Linux Mint ▪ Ubuntu ▪ Elementary ▪ Debian ▪ Solus ▪ Fedora Linux is Mainly used in servers. About 90% of the internet is powered by Linux servers. This is because Linux is fast, secure, and free. Linux Shell or “Terminal” A shell is a program that receives commands from the user and gives it to the OS to process, and it shows the output. Linux's shell is its main part. Its distros come in GUI (graphical user interface), but basically, Linux has a CLI (command line interface). To open the terminal, press Ctrl+Alt+T in Ubuntu, or press Alt+F2, type in gnome-terminal, and press enter.
2202472 PGCA ▪ allowed to contribute, modify and distribute the code to anyone without any permissions. ▪ In terms of security, Linux is more secure than any other operating system. It does not mean that Linux is 100 percent secure it has some malware for it but is less vulnerable than any other operating system. So, it does not require any anti-virus software. ▪ The software updates in Linux are easy and frequent. ▪ Various Linux distributions are available so that you can use them according to your requirements or according to your taste. ▪ Linux is freely available to use on the internet. ▪ It has large community support. ▪ It provides high stability. It rarely slows down or freezes and there is no need to reboot it after a short time. ▪ It maintain the privacy of the user. ▪ The performance of the Linux system is much higher than other operating systems. It allows a large number of people to work at the same time and it handles them efficiently. It is network friendly.
2202472 PGCA On the Launcher hit on the second icon from top, Install Ubuntu 19.04 LTS , and the installer utility will start. Choose the language you wish to perform the installation and click on the Continue button to proceed further.
6. Next, choose the first option “ Normal Installation ” and hit on the Continue button again. 7. Now it’s time to select an Installation Type. You can choose to Install Ubuntu alongside Windows Boot Manager , an option that will automatically take care of all the partition steps. Use this option if you don’t require a personalized partition scheme. In case you want a custom partition layout, check the Something else option and hit on the Continue button to proceed further. The option Erase disk and install Ubuntu should be avoided on dual-boot because is potentially dangerous and will wipe out your disk. 8. On this step, we’ll create our custom partition layout for Ubuntu. This guide will recommend that you create two partitions, one for root and the other for home accounts data To create the first partition, the root partition, select the free space (the shrinking space from Windows created earlier) and hit on the + icon below. On partition settings use the following configurations and hit OK to apply changes: Size = at least 20000 MB Type for the new partition = Primary Location for the new partition = Beginning Use as = EXT4 journaling file system Mount point = / Create the home partition using the same steps as above. Use all the available free space left for the home partition size. The partition settings should look like this: Size = all remaining free space Type for the new partition = Primary Location for the new partition = Beginning Use as = EXT4 journaling file system Mount point = /home
2202472 PGCA
9. When finished, hit the Install Now button in order to apply changes to disk and start the installation process. A pop-up window should appear to inform you about swap space. Ignore the alert by pressing on the Continue button. Next, a new pop-up window will ask you if you agree with committing changes to disk. Hit Continue to write changes to disk and the installation process will now start. Setting Time Zones: 10. On the next screen adjust your machine physical location by selecting a city nearby from the map. When done hit Continue to move ahead. Creating password and user accounts: 11. Pick up a username and password for your administrative sudo account, enter a descriptive name for your computer and hit Continue to finalize the installation. These are all the settings required for customizing the Ubuntu installation. From here on the installation process will run automatically until it reaches the end. Shutting Down: 12. After the installation process reaches its end hit on the Restart Now button in order to complete the installation. The machine will reboot into the Grub menu, where for ten seconds, you will be presented to choose what OS you wish to use further: Ubuntu 19.04 or Microsoft Windows. 13. After Ubuntu finishes loading, login with the credentials created during the installation process
2202472 PGCA the file “ text ” to “ new ”, we can use “ mv text new ”. It takes the two arguments, just like the cp command. locate — The locate command is used to locate a file in a Linux system, just like the search command in Windows. Using the -i argument with the command helps to ignore the case (it doesn't matter if it is uppercase or lowercase). So, if you want a file that has the word “hello”, it gives the list of all the files in your Linux system containing the word "hello" when you type in “ locate -i hello ”. If you remember two words, you can separate them using an asterisk (*). For example, to locate a file containing the words "hello" and "this", you can use the command “ locate -i hellothis”. echo — The " echo " command helps us move some data, usually text into a file. For example, if you want to create a new text file or add to an already made text file, you just need to type in, “ echo hello, my name is simran>>k1.txt ”. cat — Use the cat command to display the contents of a file. It is usually used to easily view programs. df — Use the df command to see the available disk space in each of the partitions in your system. You can just type in df in the command line and you can see each mounted partition and their used/available space in % and in KBs. If you want it shown in megabytes, you can use the command “ df -m ”. du — Use du to know the disk usage of a file in your system. If you want to know the disk usage for a particular folder or file in Linux, you can type in the command df and the name of the folder or file. For example, if you want to know the disk space used by the documents folder in Linux, you can use the command “ du Documents ”. apt-get — Use apt to work with packages in the Linux command line. Use apt- get to install packages. This requires root privileges, so use the sudo command with it. For example, if you want to install the text editor jed we can type in the command “ sudo apt-get install jed ”. Similarly, any packages can be installed like this. It is good to update your repository each time you try to install a new package. You can do that by typing “ sudo apt-get update ”. You can upgrade the system by typing “ sudo apt-get upgrade ”.
2202472 PGCA Assignment.3 :-Linux System Administration. Becoming Super User: On Ubuntu Linux root is a particular user account. By default, the root user has access to all commands, files, services on an Ubuntu Linux operating system. It is also known as the root account, root user and the superuser. The superuser or root user has root privileges. It is the most privileged account on Ubuntu with complete access to everything. How to become superuser on Ubuntu Linux Open a terminal Window. Press CTRL+ALT+T to open the terminal on Ubuntu To become root user type: Sudo-i OR Sudo-s When promoted provide your password After successful login, the $ prompt would change to # to indicate that you logged in as root user on Ubuntu. Temporarily changing user identity with su command: By default, the root account password is locked in Ubuntu Linux for security reasons. This means that you cannot login as root directly or use the su command to become the root user. Using Graphical Administrative Tools: A Linux Administrative Task is to typically install, upgrade, and monitor a company’s software and hardware while maintaining the essential applications and functions which include security tools, emails, LANs, WANs, web servers, etc. Linux is undoubtedly a force to reckon with in computing technology and most system administrators work on Linux machines.
1. MySQL Workbench MySQL Workbench is arguably the most popular database administration application across OS platforms. With it, you can design, develop, and
