Download Louisiana Horticulture Exam study guide 2 Exam Study Guide Updated 2025/2026 100% Certifie and more Exams Botany and Agronomy in PDF only on Docsity!
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4 major plant parts include - ansroots stems leaves reproductive parts 4 functions of the root system include - ansabsorption anchorage conduction storage 2 kind of root systems found in plants are - ansfibrous root systems and taproot systems Fibrous root system - ansroot system that consists of numerous multi-branched roots that are slender; no one root is more prominent than the other. Tap root system (more difficult to transplant) - ansroot system that consists of one main root that grows directly downward from which branch roots arise; carrot or a woody root (oak,maple) What should you do if a plant becomes root bound within their containers? - ansSpread the roots out or prune them to encourage the root system to grow outward 3 primary functions of the stems are - ansSupport conduction storage Conduction - ansthe movement of water, mineral solutions, and substances manufactured in the plant. xylem - answater and mineral solution move upward from the roots to the leaves through inner tissues called phloem - ansmanufactured food from the leaves move out of the leaves through outer stem tissues called What 2 tissues form the vascular system of the plant? - ansxylem and phloem Cambium layer - ansThe tissue between the xylem and phloem is called the ____________. Plant function growth depends on uninterrupted conduction. Monocotyledonous Plants (single leaf monocots) - ansThe xylem and phloem tissues are formed in bundles scattered in a discontinuous vascular system through the stem. Corn, grass, lilies, orchids Dicotyledonous Plants (two seed leaves dicots) Gymnosperms Plants (many seed leaves) - ansthe xylem is formed on the inside next to the heartwood surrounded by a continuous layer of cambium with the phloem on the outside. Tree, shrubs, annuals, and perrennials Girdle - ansis a complete circle of dead tissue around the stem which interrupts the food supply pipeline. Nodes and internodes - ansAreas of the stems where leaves emerge are called ____________ and the space between are called __________.
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axillary bud and axil - ansin the angle where each leaf joins the stem, there is an _________________ which is compressed, dormant stem. The angle is called the ______ of the leaf. Asexual reproductive structures - ansSome plants have modified stem and roots structures that store exceptionally large amounts of food and function as Corms, such as gladiolus - anssolid stem structures with remains of dried scale leaves surrounding and protecting them. Cycle of changes are controlled by temperature. Rhizome, such as Louisiana - ansthe main axis or stem of the plant is in a horizontal position underground Stolons - ansCylindrical horizontal stems found above ground similar to a rhizome Tuberous roots (sweet potato) - ansroots that do not have nodes and buds crown - ansthe area where the stem and root tissue meets Biennial Root - ansRoots that are living through two growing seasons Annual Top Root - ansRoot living through one growing season October until December - ansOutdoor planting of spring bulbs can be done from Dicot Leaf - ansLeaf that generally has netted venation, one or more prominent veins with branches forming a conspicuous net Mono Leaf - ansLeaf that generally has parallel veins with inconspicuous branching between the veins as in corn Photosynthesis and transpiration - ansLeaves have two main functions to carry out: ______________ and _______________. Photosynthesis - ansthe process whereby carbon dioxide and water are eventually transformed into sugars (glucose) by the living cell using energy from visible light absorbed by chlorophyll (green pigments) Transpiration - ansthe process whereby the leaf gives off water into the atmosphere and temperature of the leaf is regulated to reduce injury from excessive heat build up water deficit making the plant wilt - ansWhat occurs when transpiration is more rapid than absorption? Lower water pressure at the TOP of the plant - ansWater movement from the roots through the stems to the leaves depends on Angiosperms - ansPlants that bloom and develop fruit which encloses the seed gymnosperms - ansplants that have no true flowers or fruit, but bear their seeds uncovered in cones or similar structures such as conifers receptacle - ansflowers are borne on an enlarged portion of the stem called the sepals - ansouter set of green floral leaves called __________ enclose the other parts of the flower until these are nearly mature. Calyx - anscollectively , the sepals comprise the ______. Corolla - ansAn entire set of petals is called the ________. Stamens - ansare the male parts of the flower and are composed of pollen-bearing anthers supported by filaments.
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oxygen (O) - ansthe essential elements to plant growth Flowers seed leaves stems roots - ansWhat is the priority order of plant parts to receive nutrients (food)? nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium - ansN-P-K stands for? Fertilizer analysis N-P-K/100lb = actual N-P-K required/X - ansCross multiplied formula to calculate how much fertilizer is needed per area 43560 square feet - ansHow many square ft are in one acre? mobility of nitrogen in the soil. - ansThe reason for recommending more than one application during the growing season is largely because of the ________________________________________________. light intensity, quality, and duration - ansThree characteristics of light that affect plan growth differently: Low light intensity - anslimits photosynthesis, slowing plant growth and inducing poor leaf coloration footcandle - ansthe amount of light falling on one square foot, one foot away from a standard candle. 100 - 200 fc - ansMost plants require more than how many fc for vigorous growth? Light Quality - ansaffects photosynthesis and refers to the balance of wave lengths (or colors) the light contains red light - anspromotes stem growth and flowering less red and more blue light present - ansplants that stretch easily are best grown under what light conditions besides natural sunlight Light Duration - ansCertain plants are affected by the length of time light is absent in a 24 hour period. photoperiodic - ansplants that react to specific periods of light Water - ansa.) ingredient in photosynthesis b.) a solvent for nutrients and other materials used or manufactured by the plant c.) cools the plant during transpiration d.) gives plant tissue rigidity or tugor high pH (alkaline) water - ansLow or high pH seriously affects a plant causing nutrient problems? Phosphoric acid - ansA system that uses __________________ as a water softner can be used without danger? field capacity - answhen all of the gravitational water has been removed, the soil is said to be at
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permanent wilting point (PWP) - ansWhen all the gravitational water and the available water are gone and only the unavailable (bound) water remains, the soil is at the _________________________________. adhesion and cohesion - ansThere are two forces that combine to hold the water in the soil, ________________ and __________________. adhesion - ansWhen a substance clings to a different substance, it is said to _____________to the foreign material. cohere - ansWhen a substance clings to itself, the similar particles are said to _____________ to each other. clay soils - answhich type of soil as small pores and hold water tightly by adhesion? Microclimate - ansareas with certain consistent variations in light, temperature, and moisture in a garden Heat - ansa form of energy without which life cannot exist The British Thermal Unit (BTU) - ansis the amount of heat required to increase temperature of one pound of water 1degrees F. Calorie (c) - ansis the amount of heat required to increase temperature of one gram of water 1 degrees c. Heat Intensity - ansis measured by temperature which is not relevant to the quantity of heat present Level of heat rather than the actual quantity of heat - ansPrimary concern of nurseryman with heat is the F = 9/5 * C + 32 or C = 5/9 * (Fâ32) K = C + 273. Explanation: Convert 100 F to C to K: C = 5/9 * (100â32) = 37. K = 37.8 + 273.15 = 310.95K - ansFormulas to convert from F to C or C to F temperature The crown and the roots - ansare the most vulnerable parts of the plant to cold damage 41 F = Minimum 77 - 95 F = Optimum 95 - 104 = Maximum - ansTemperatures suitable for growth for Temperate plants 50 F = Minimum 86 - 95 F = Optimum 113 F = Maximum - ansTemperatures suitable for growth for Tropical plants 65 - 75 F - Cool season plants
49 F = Warm- season plants 40 - 104 F = General Range 68 - 95 F = Optimum - ansTemperatures suitable for seed germination Conduction
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metabolism - ansgood storage conditions are necessary to slow down the seed's biological activity, called its _______________, but not stop activity. Water and temperature - ansare probably the two most critical requirements. Water - ansaffects the oxygen supply around the seed; the more ___________ there is in the soil , the less oxygen there is. medium - ansthe temperature of the _________________, not the air, is what is important. asexual (vegetative) propagation - ansreproduce in nature by tip layering, runners, tuberous roots, and underground stems. Produces offspring genetically identical to the parent plant Layering - ansThe development of roots on a stem while the stem is still attached to the mother plant. ex. strawberries and raspberries Division (done in fall or spring) - ansNew shoots from the base or crown form roots and may be separated as a single new plant or the entire plant may be separated into sections ex. herbaceous perennials Separation - anspropagation method in which natural structures are removed from the parent plant after blooming and then replanted in the proper season. Cutting propagation - ansThe clonal multiplication of plants with propagules of stems, leaves, or roots. This technique ensures that the new plant will be identical to the parent plant Semi hardwood cuttings - ansStem tips three to six inches long are taken from current season's growth just as it matures. Stem cuttings - anssome plants can be propagated from leafless, fleshy stem segments. This method is good for plants that drop their on lower leaves. Segment of stem with node is laid horizontally on medium and a new shoot forms Leaf and root cuttings - anspropagation from the leaf with all or part of the petiole attached Grafting - ansJoining together of two different plant parts so that they will heal together and continue growing as one unit.
- must be fairly compatible (stock and scion are in the same species) is done to propagate plants or to change certain growth forms such as "tree roses" Budding - ansForm of grafting where a growth bud of the plant is inserted beneath the bark of the stock. Micropropatation - ansthe production of new plants from tissue cultures. Questions to ask to best match a plant to a customer's requirements? - ansHow is the plant used? What is the sunlight exposure? What size is sought at maturity? What special characteristics does the customer desire? What type of growth rate is desired? What is the drainage of the planting site? Has the soil been tested?
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Complete soluble fertilizers - ans_________________ ________________ fertilizers may be injected into the irrigation system weekly while slow - release fertilizers are applied to containers every three to six or even nine months fall - ansSlow release materials are used in the ______ to supply nutrients at a low rate throughout the winter months. watering/irrigation - ans_______________ of container plants is a critical task. Sight (looking at foilage) weight (low moisture means lighter weight) touch (feeling the medium's moisture) - ansEmployee in charge of watering plants need to know how to judge if watering is necessary by three things: Overhead Irrigation system - ansThe irrigation of nursery stock is usually done with an 18 - 24 degrees F - ansContainer woody ornamentals can be injured when temperatures drop to __________________. less photsynthetic - ansPlants grown in shade generally require _______ fertilizer than those grown in sun because of a lower _______________________ rate. light - ansSmall plants generally require _________ and frequent feeding for optimum growth while large well-established plants can forage for a great deal of their required nutrients. reduceds - ansFertilization for street trees growing in restricted environments must be greatly reduced compared to trees growing in open areas more nutrient leaching - ansPlants grown in sandy soils generally require _________ frequent fertilization than those grown in clay soils because of __________________. exceed burning - ansFertilization rates of trees in turf area should not ____________ the rate recommended for the turfgrass because ___________ of the turf may result. phosphorus - ansStudies have shown that __________________ tends to accumulate in soils and is needed in smaller amounts. twice - ansThe level of nitrogen required is ________ that of potassium. three six to eight week - ansIf a granular general-purpose fertilizer is used, ________ applications during the growing season are recommended at ___ to ____ weeks. March , May, and July - ansIdeal months to schedule fertilization applications Desired growth rate type of plant soil type type of fertilizer geographic location - ansThe frequency of fertilizations depends on a number of factors: light - ansNewly planted trees and schrubs should receive light applications of fertilizer during their first growing season.
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Acid soil - anssoil with a pH of less than 7.0. Agriculture line is used to raise the H and correct a very acid soil condition Acre - ansa land area contain 43,560 sq ft and measuring approximately 210' x 210'x square Actual - ansthat part of the formula of any product, containing several ingredients, which refers to a specific ingredient. Adventitious root or shoot - ansproduced on stem tissue after removal from the mother plant. These tissues developed on cuttings are identical of sawdust, peat moss, or ground pine bark Alkaline Soil - anssoil with a pH of more than 7.0 The pH of alkaline soils are reduced by the application of iron sulfate, aluminum or large amounts of sawdust, peat moss, or ground pine bark Annual plant - ansa plant living one year or less, usually planted in spring after the last frost and dying at time of killing frost. During this time, the plant grows, blooms, produces seeds, and dies (beans, sweet corn, cucumber, melon, marigolds, zinnias, sweet alyssum) Anther - ansthe upper part of a stamen that produces pollen apical dominance - ansthe suppression of growth of lateral buds by the terminal bud of a stem arboretum - ansan area devoted to the display of a variety of living trees and shrubs for study and comparison Asexual - answithout sex; refers to reproduction not involving the fusion of gametes Balled and burlapped - ansplant prepared for transplanting by digging them so that the soil adjacent to the roots remains undisturbed; the ball of earth is then wrapped in burlap or simialar mesh fabric bare root - ansin the winter or early spring, many varieties of deciduous plants are sold with their roots bare. Dormant plants dug from the soil have their roots cleaned and trimmed, and are prevented from drying out until the time they should be planted bedding plants - ansrefers to small plants sold in flats or packs. They may be planted in beds, borders, or wherever desired. Can be annuals or periennials Biennial - ansA plant that produces a resette of leaves the first year of its life, and sets flowers, fruit and seeds the second year and then dies. Ex. beet carrot, sweet willaim Binomial - ansa system of naming plants using two names. The first name is the genus and the second name is the species. Botanical or scientific name ex. Acer (genus) rubrum (species) Biodegradeable - ansany material that can be readily decomposed in the soil by the action of each microorganisms as bacteria and fungi. Bolting - ansthe production of a seed stalk by vegetative plants such as ornamental cabbage, spinach, lettuce, or radish. It is undesirable by vegetative crops and usually occurs when days are long and temperatures are warm. Broadcasting - ansscattering a material such as fertilizer or seed evenly over a soil surface Bud - ansan embryonic stem tip bearing young leaves (leaf bud), one or more flowers (flower bud) or both leaves and flowers (mixed bud) bulb - ansa bud, usually subterranean, consisting of a short, thick stem emitting roots from below and bearing overlapping, scale like leaves ex. lily, onion, or tuplip
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Caliper - ansin landscape and nursery usuage, the diameter of a tree measured six inches above the groundline if up to a four inch caliper; larger caliper trees are measured twelve inches above the groundline. In forestry, the caliper is measured four and a half feet above ground line capillary action - ansthe attraction of soil particles to water molecules, causing an up or downward movement of the water into the soil. becoming popular in container watering. carbohydrates - ansany group of chemical compounds (including sugars, starches, and cellulose) containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only catch crop - ansa fast growing vegetable crop planted between rows of slow growing crops for best use of space. also used during the period between harvest of early crops as in succession planting or intercropping. chelate - ansseveral of the micronutrients such as iron may be prevalent in the soil but unavailable to the plant. when a ____________ agent with the micronutrient is added, the nutrient element is made available to the plant. chlorophyll - ansthe green pigments in plants that absorb the energy of sunlight. Used in the manufacturing of sugars from carbon dioxide and water chlorosis - anslack of green in a leaf, caused by nutritional failure or disease. It is most frequently caused by lack of a plant's ability to take up iron. in severe cases, the entire leaf except the veins turn yellow. often there is enough iron in the soil, but it's not available to the plant. Lowering the soil pH or using a chelate with iron will help correct most _______________ conditions. clone - ansa group of organisms derived from a single individual by asexual production clump - ansan aggregate of crowns or roots, able to be easily divided or moved cluster - ansa bunching of flowers or leaves on a single stem. The term is sometimes given to any grouping of twigs, leaves, fruits, or flowers Cold accumulation - ansthe process in which certain plants cease active growth and develop the capacity to survive freezing temperatures cold frame - ansa box which is not artificially heated yet protects plants from the elements. it is usually covered with plastic, cheese cloth, or a glass sash. common name - ansplant name used by the general public, as distinguinshed from the botanical or scientific name companion crops - anscrops which have different harvest dates but are grown in the same area at the same time. One crop is harvested and removed by the time the other crop requires the growing space compost - ansa decomposing mixture of vegetative matter - leaves, grass clippings, weeds - wich can be used to amend soils or as a fertilizer. Decomposition is speeded up if a commercial fertilizer and lime are added conifer - anscone bearing trees or shrubs, most often characterized by narrow needle-like leaves. they are frequently referred to as evergreens. Ex. pines, cedar, juniper, cypress
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day neutral - ansa term applied to plants which are not affected by the relative length of dark and light periods decidous - ansplants that shed all their leaves at the end of a growing season and remain leafless during the winter or dormant period. deep rooted - ansplants with deeply growing roots as contrasted with roots growing on , or close, the soil surface. determinate tomato (commonly classed as a bush tomato) - ansterminal bud sets fruit, stops stem growth. The plant is self topping. Seldom needs staking. dethatching - ansremoval of the thatch layer of turf by machine, garden rake, or dethatching rake to increase air flow and penetration of fertilizers and water Dew - anscondensed moisture from the atmosphere adhering in the form of small drops to any cool surface dew point - ansa temperature point below which moisture in the atmosphere is condensed into small drops. diameter breast height (DBH) - ansterm used in measuring a tree caliper; the caliper is measured 4 ft 6in above the ground line dibble or dibbler - ansa handled, pointed tool for making holes in the soil for planting seeds, bulbs, transplanting, etc. dioecious - ansplants having staminate (male) flowers on one plant and postulate (female) flowers on another plant. dividing - ansa method for increasing plants such as bulbs, perennials, and other plants that spread by developing roots and tops in clumps (ex dahlias, iris, day-lillies). Accomplished by digging up all or a portion of a plant, breaking apart the rooted sections, and replanting dormacy - anscyclic period when a plant rests; its growth processes is greatly slowed down. This occurs in many species by the coming of winter as days grow shorter and temperatures begin to drop. the period ends in spring when the plant is exposed to higher temps for an extended number of hours. ________________ is a plant's safe gaurd against extremes of temp, lack of water, etc. drainage (air) - ansa term used to describe the circulation of air (oxygen) into the soil and the flow of respiration product (carbon dioxide) out the soil. Compacted soil around roots resists air flow, making it difficult for many plants to thrive. also refers to movement of air from adjacent areas to affect temperature changes. drip irrigation - ansa system of water at points on or just below the soil surface so that only the immediate areas around the roots are moistened. the irrigation should be made with a very low water pressure over a long period of time to supply plants with only the amount of moisture needed to replace the plant's moisture loss. drop line - ansa line drawn around a tree directly under the outer moist ends of its branches. Term is used in connection with watering and fertilizing trees. Also the point at which rain drops off a roof.
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Dwarf - ansa normally large plant genetically cultivated for shorter and more compact growth. espalier - ansa plant (tree or shrub) trained to grow flat against a surface such as a wall or trellis Ethylene - ansa growth regulator which has various affects on plants. Ex. promoting bromeliads to flowers, increasing uniformity of ripening some fruits, and damaging petals of cut flowers such as roses and carnations everblooming - ansplants that bloom intermittently during the entire growing season evergreen - ansa plant which does not lose all its leaves at one time extension agent - anscooperative extension service agent located in the count/parish seat of each county/parish of the state to assist the public with information relating to agriculture, home economics, natural resources, and 4-H fertilization - anshe successful fusion of two sexually different plant cells to for, the embryo of a seed capable of producing a new plant 2. the application of fertilizer to the soil fertilizer - ansa material which provides one or more mineral nutrients in forms which can be used by growing plants. The term generally refers to materials of organic or inorganic origin that are known to increase nitrogen, phosphate and potash when added to soul or dissolved in water. flower - ansusually a symmetrical form of colorful growth with the primary purpose of producing seed for plant production foliage plant - ansplants grown especially for the beauty of its foliage as contrasted to those plants grown for flowers or fruit frond - ansthe leaf of a palm tree or fern frost - anstemperature below the dew point, causing freezing condition and a covering of minute ice particles on exposed objects. fumigant - ansa chemical used in the form of volatile liquid or gas to kill insects, nematodes, fungi, bacteria, seeds, rods, rhizomes, or entire plants; usually released within an enclosure or in the soil. fumigation - ansapplying chemical or gases to control insects within an enclosed area or under a plastic cover fungicide - ansa chemical material used to retard or prevent the growth of fungi genus - ansdescribing the classification of a related family of plants consisting of one or more species germination - ansthe sprouting of a seed and the commencement of growth. Also used to mean the starting of plants from seeds. girdle - anscambium growth around a wire or twin which has been tightly wrapped around the trunk, limb or root of a plant. A piece of bark that has been stripped from around a plant's trunk. 3. Circling roots can also girdle trees or shrubs and cause injury or death grafting - ansthe process of joining and scion (shoot) into a stock so that cambium layers grow together and form a union of two plant parts
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layering - ansa propagating technique in which the stem of a plant is surrounded with a rooting medium in order to force the development of roots along that portion of stem leaf - ansa plant organ that manufactures food by chlorophyll Lime - ansground limestone which is used to reduce the acidity of soils. Dolomitic lime has magnesium carbonate and will supply some magnesium for the growing plant macronutrient - anscertain chemical elements required in considerable abundance for the growth and survival of plants. Example: nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium. meristem - ansembryonic or undifferentiated tissue; these cells are capable of active division micronutrient - anscertain elements essential to growth of plants, but required only in minute amounts. ex. iron and copper mildew - ansa white cottony coating which later turns black. caused by various fungi, especially during periods of warm days and cool nights monoecious - ansa plant that has separate male and female flowers on the same part morphactins - anssynthetic growth regulators used to slow the growth rate of turfgrass and to pinch plants chemically to stimulate lateral shoots mulch - ansany material applied to the soil surface to conserve moisture, maintain a more even soil temperature and/or aid in weed control. Ex. leaves, straw, newspaper, pine bark mulch. NAA - ansNaphthalene acetic acid; a synthetic auxin that is used in controlling sprouts on trees, thinning fruits, and in root promotion of cuttings nematode - ansa microscopic, transparent, worm-like parasite that infest roots, bulbs, and leaves nitrogen - ansa macronutrient and is one of the most essential plant nutrients obtained from the soil. if the supply of __________ is good, foliage is green and the plant flourishes. Insufficient ____________ is indicated by yellowing leaves and stunted growth. Clovers, cowpeas, and other legumes - answhat type of plants can be added to the soil through a cover crop. These crops absorb nitrogen from the air and naturally return it to the soil Node - ansa joint or point where a branch, bud, or leaf grows from the stem organic matter - ansa term applied to a substance containing carbon compounds and usually obtained from plants or animals. Needed to maintain a healthy soil structure and bacterial life (peat moss, pine bark mulch, etc) ovary - ansa female sex organ that produces one or more eggs ovule - ansthe structure within the ovaries of pistils that develop into seeds patented - ansreferring to plant cultivars protected by governing patent granting exclusive rights to patent holder peat - anspartially decayed plant matter from swamps; used to improved soil structure peat pot - anstransplanting pots made of compressed peat (or other like material); used for starting plants; the pots may be transplanted directly into the soil where they will disintergrate perennial - ansa plant that continues to live from year to year; in cold climates, the foliage may die to ground, but the roots and rhizomes persist
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perianth - ansthe sepals and the petals of a flower, generally used when both are the same colors perlite - ansa volcanic mineral expanded by heat treatment to form lightweight white granules. it is used for soil conditioning or as a rooting medium. Also used in synthetic potting mixes. pesticide - ansa substance (most often a chemical used to control weeds, fungi, insects, and the like pH - ansthe chemistry symbol used in expressing acidity or alkalinity photo period - ansa term applied to hours of light required daily to achieve normal maturity. Plants are often referred to as lng day plants. The plants response to it __________ ____________ is knowns a photoperediodism. phosphorous - ansa mineral element contained in every living cell; it promotes rapid growth, hastens maturity, and stimulates flower, seed, and fruit production. phototropism - ansthe growth of plants toward its light source pinching back - ansa method for making plants bushier by nipping off tips of branches with the thumb and forefinger. pistil - ansthe female part of a flower, comprised of the ovary , stigma, and style plant nutrient - ansone of the 16 chemical elements essential for plant growth pollination - ansthe transfer of pollen from the stamen (male) to the pistils (female). Plants are either cross-pollinated or self-pollinated. polyploid - ansan organism whose cells contain more than two sets of chromosomes. pomology - ansthe science of growing fruit post emergent herbicide - ansa chemical applied as an herbicide to the foliage of weeds after the weed has emerged from the soil potassium - ansa mineral that stimulates the growth of strong stems, imparts resistance to disease, and is necessary to form starch, sugar, and oil and transfer them through plants pot bound - ansthe roots of a potted plant that have become thickly matted potting mixture - ansa combination of various ingredients designed for growing plants in containers. pre emergent herbicide - ansa herbicide applied after planting the crop, but before the weed seed germinates propagation - ansreproduction of plants either from seeds (sexual reproduction) or from cuttings, divisions, budding, grafting, or layering (asexual reproduction) pruning - ansthe wise removal of selected plant parts to obtain a more desirable plant relative humidity - ansthe amount of water vapor in the atmosphere expressed as a percentage of the amount required rhizome - ansany underground root like stems, sending up leafy shoots from the upper surface and emitting roots from the lower side. ex. iris or canna lily root - ansthe parts of a plant containing the organs which extract water and nutrients from the sol and atmosphere
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species - ansa group of plants that resemble each other closely and that interbreed freely. spike - ansan enlongated flower cluster having blossom sessile (attached directly by the base) or on stalks that are unusually short staking - ansthe practice of driving a pole or rod into the ground close to the stem of a young plant providing support during its vertical growth stamen - ansthe male (pollen producing) reproductive organ of the flower. standard - ansa shrub or tree which has a single upright tree like stem. Also refers to the upper, usually upright, petal of an irregular flower starter solution - ansa chemical fertilizer first dissolved in water, then applied in the planting hole or around the roots for seedlings that have been newly transplanted. Helps the plant withstand the shock of being moved; also speeds up seedling development stolon - ansa horizontal branch from the base of a plant that produces new plants from buds at its tip. it creeps along the surface of the ground, rooting and forming new plants (ex. bermudagrass) stomata - anspore like structures located primarily on the lower leaf surface that provides for gas and water vapor exchange between the leaf and outside environment stress - ansthe external factors that inhibit plant growth; all factors pertaining to the wide ranging conditions of nature and man's understanding, knowledge, and experience in contending with these conditions sucker - ansa shoot which springs up from underground; grows from trunk or branch of the lower part of a plant, usually unwanted sun scald - answhen radiant heat from the sun strikes a newly exposed plant or the fruit of a plant and destroys leaf tissue. A pant may appear to have sun ______ if subjected to very high temperatures or extreme winter cold, resulting in damage to the bark tender plant - ansa plant that is injured or killed by a light frost or too must heat tendril - ansa leafless threadlike organ on many vines which helps the vine to climb and cling to its support thatch - ansa tightly intermingled layer of living and dead stems, leaves, and roots of grasses that develops between the layer of green thinning - ansthe removal of some plants from an area so that the remaining plants will have more room to grow and develop top dressing - ansthe application of topsoil, fertilizer, compost, or mulch material to the surface without mixing it. topiary - ansa pruning technique for shaping trees and shrubs into formal or unnatural shapes. ex geometric or animal shapes, etc trace elements - ansminute quantities of mineral nutrients present in soil that are viral to plant life as are the major nutrients. ex of trace elements are copper ,iron, maganese, and zinc training - ansthe gardeners term for the many ways of pruning, pinching, staking, and generally shaping growth into a desired form or shape
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transpiration - ansthe process by which moisture which has been absorbed through its roots is emitted from plant leaves through the stomata. dictated by humidity, temperatures, and water availability transplant - ansa plant produced from seed, germinated in a favorable environment for later planting in an area where the plant will grow to maturity tree - ansa wood perennial, usually having a single trunk, normally exceeding ten feet in height at maturity tuber - ansa short end part of an underground stem that becomes thickened with the accumulation of food materials with modified lateral buds (ex. potato) tuberous root - ansa true root that grows underground to serve as a food storage structure. it bears no buds or eyes turgid - ansa term used to describe plant cells having adequate moisture to cause the cells to fully expand. variegated - ansrefers to different colors (atypical) in leaf or flower, or less frequently in fruit. ex alternating or scattered colored stripes, patches variety - ansthis is a naturally occurring subgroup of plants in a species the lowest or final natural classification with particular like characteristics. each variety within a species keeps the basic character of the species. but has at least one, sometimes more, individual characteristics of its own vermiculite - ansmica produce expanded by heat treatment to form an extremely lightweight material. it is used either for soil conditioning or as a root medium for plants. its is a product often used in a synthetic soil formula water sprout - ansa side shoot, originating from an adventitious bud on the trunk or main branches of a tree weed - ansan unwanted plant growing out of place weed control - ansminimizing the harmful effects of weeds b digging them up or spraying them with herbicides wilting - ansthe loss of turgidity by the leaves on stems and their consequent dropping, as a result of a water deficient woody plant - ansone of many plants that produce woody stems and trunks that persist above ground from year to year in zones where they are hardy wounding - anstypically refers to cutting a slice(s) off the basal end of a woody cutting to encourage rooting viburnum dentatum - ansArrowwood Viburnum
