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LOUISIANA LANDSCAPE HORTICULTURE A-M QUESTIONS
AND REVISED CORRECT ANSWERS NEW 2025/2026 UPDATE
Acid Soil -----Answers_---Soil with a pH of less than 7.0. Agricultural lime is used to raise the pH and correct a very acid soil condition. Acre -----Answers_---A land containing 43,560 square feet and measuring approximately 210' x 210' square Actual -----Answers_---The part of the formula of any product, containing several ingredients, which refers to a specific ingredient. For example, a 5-pound box of a general purpose plant food (10- 10 -
- would have 10% nitrogen, 10% phosphate and 10% potassium. 10% of 5lbs is 1/2lb. Therefore, the actual content of the three major ingredients in the mixture is 1/2 lb each. Adventitious Root or Shoot -----Answers_---Produced on stem tissue after removal from the mother plant. These tissues developed on cuttings are identical to those found during seedling development. Alkaline Soil -----Answers_---Soil with a pH of more than 7.0. The pH of Alkaline soils are reduced by the application of iron sulfate, aluminum or large amounts of sawdust, peat moss, or ground pine bark. Annual Plant -----Answers_---A plant living one year or less, usually planted in spring after the last frost and dying at time of killing frost. During this time, the plant grows, blooms, produces seeds and dies.
Anther -----Answers_---The upper part of a stamen that produces pollen. Apical Dominance -----Answers_---The suppression of growth of lateral buds by the terminal bud of a stem. Arboretum -----Answers_---An area devoted to the display of a variety of living trees and shrubs for study and comparison. Asexual -----Answers_---Without sex; refers to reproduction not involving the fusion of gametes. Auxin -----Answers_---A plant hormone that influences and regulates plant growth. Balled and Burlapped -----Answers_---Plant prepared for transplanting by digging them so that the soil adjacent to the roots remains undisturbed; the ball of earth is then wrapped in burlap or similar mesh fabric. Bare Root -----Answers_---In the winter or early spring, many varieties of deciduous plants are sold with their roots bare. Dormant plants dug from the soil have their roots cleaned and trimmed, and are prevented from drying out until the time they should be planted. Bedding Plants -----Answers_---Refers to small plants sold in flats or packs. They many be planted in beds, borders or wherever desired.
Caliper -----Answers_---In landscape and nursery usage, the diameter of a tree measured six inches above the groundline if up to a four-inch caliper; larger caliper trees are measured twelve inches above the groundline. In forestry, the caliper is measured for and a half feet above groundline. Cambium Layer -----Answers_---The layer of actively dividing mass between the outer bark and the inner wood of woody plants. Capillary Action -----Answers_---The attraction of soil particles to water molecules, causing an up or downward movement of the water into the soil. Becoming popular in container watering. Carbohydrate -----Answers_---Any group of chemical compounds (including sugars, starches and cellulose) containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only. Catch Crop -----Answers_---A fast growing vegetable crop planted between rows of slow growing crops for best use of space. Also used during the period between harvest of early crops as in succession planting and intercropping. Chelate -----Answers_---Several of the micronutrients such as iron may be prevalent in the soil but unavailable to the plant. When a chelating agent with the micronutrient is added, the nutrient element is made available to the plant. Chlorophyl -----Answers_---The green pigments in plants that absorb the energy of the sunlight. Used in the manufacturing of sugars from carbon dioxide and water.
Chlorosis -----Answers_---Lack of green in a leaf, caused by nutritional failure or disease. It is most frequently caused by lack of a plant's ability to take up iron. In severe cases, the entire leaf except the veins turns yellow. Often there is enough iron in the soil, but it's not available to the plant. Lowering the soil pH or using a chelate with iron will help correct most chlorotic conditions. Clone -----Answers_---A group of organisms derived from a single individual by asexual production Clump -----Answers_---An aggregate of crowns or roots, able to be easily divided or moved. Cluster -----Answers_---A bunching of flowers or leaves on a single stem. The term is sometimes given to any grouping of twigs, leaves, fruits or flowers. Cold Accumulation -----Answers_---The process in which certain plants cease active growth and develop the capacity to survive freezing temperatures Cold Frame -----Answers_---A box which is not artificially heated yet protects plants from the elements. It is usually covered with plastic, cheese cloth, or a glass sash. Typical dimensions are 4 foot wide with a 12 inch front and an 18 inch back. Length is determined by the number of plants to be accommodated. It should be constructed so that it is moveable and can be placed in the sun or shade depending on the season.
Cool Crops -----Answers_---Vegetables which do not thrive in summer heat: e.g. the cabbage family, lettuce, spinach, peas. Corm -----Answers_---A rounded, thick underground stem base, commonly called bulb. However, a corm is unlike a true bulb in that food is stored in its center rather than in its scales. Ex: gladiolus Cover Crop -----Answers_---Sometimes referred to as "green" manure, a cover crop is useful in large gardens where some of the soil lies dormant in winter. Any of the legumes (clover, cow peas, etc.) sown in fall and turned under in early spring will return valuable humus and nitrogen to soil. Creeper -----Answers_---Plants or vines that grow close to the ground. These plants take root along their stem. Cross Pollination -----Answers_---The transfer of pollen from the anthers of one male to the stigma of another to fertilize the egg within the ovary. Cross pollination can be from a flower of the same species or a different species. Accomplished by either insects or wind. Crop Rotation -----Answers_---Practice employed by both gardeners and farmers for maintaining the good condition of a given section of soil by alternate planting of different crops. Such planting also helps to discourage insects which thrive on a given crop or diseases indigenous to a certain kind of plant.
Crown -----Answers_---The part of the plant where the stem and root join. Cultivar -----Answers_---A term meaning cultivated variety now used in place of the word variety. The cultivar designates a special group of plants. Cultivars may differ in growth habit, season of maturity, fruit color, fruit shape, etc. Culture -----Answers_---A specialized activity used in growing plants. (e.g. pruning, watering, cultivation) Cutting (or slip) -----Answers_---Asexual propagation of plants; propogated by breaking breaking or cutting off a portion of a branch or root and planting it in soil or water so that it can grow roots and in time become a plant exactly like the parent. Cutting height -----Answers_---In mowing lawns, the measurement from grass clipped to soil line. Damping Off -----Answers_---A fungus that causes seedlings to die immediately before or just after they break through the soil. Careful watering, good drainage and sterilizing seed bed soil help in preventing damping off. Day-neutral -----Answers_---A term applied to plants which are not affected by the relative length of dark and light periods.
Dioecious -----Answers_---Plants having staminate flowers on one plant and postulate flowers on another. Dividing -----Answers_---A method for increasing plants such as bulbs, perennials, and other plants that spread by developing roots and tops in clumps (e.g. dahlias, iris, day lilies). Accomplished by digging up all or a portion of a plant, breaking apart the rooted sections and replanting. Dormancy -----Answers_---Cyclic period when a plant rests; its growth processes is greatly slowed down. This occurs in many species by the coming of winter as days grow shorter and temperatures begin to drop. The period ends in spring when the plant is exposed to higher temperatures for an extended number of hours. Dormancy is a plant's safeguard against extremes of temperature, lack of water, etc. Drainage -----Answers_---A term used to describe how water passes through the soil. Adequate water passage is essential to the proper growth of almost all plants. Drainage (Air) -----Answers_---A term used to describe the circulation of air into the soil and the flow of respiration product out the soil. Compacted soil around roots resist air flow, making it difficult for many plants to thrive. Also refers to movement of air from adjacent areas to affect temperature changes. Drip Irrigation -----Answers_---A system of water at points on or just below the soil surface so that only the immediate areas around the roots are moistened. The irrigation should be made with a very low water pressure over a long period of time to supply plants with only the amount of moisture needed to replace the plant's moisture less.
Drip Line -----Answers_---1) A line drawn around a tree directly under the outermost ends of its branches. Term is used in connection with watering and fertilizing trees. 2) The point at which rain drops off a roof. Dwarf -----Answers_---A normally large plant genetically cultivated for shorter and more compact growth. Espalier -----Answers_---A plant trained to grow flat against a surface such as a wall or trellis. Ethylene -----Answers_---A growth regulator which has various affects on plants. Example: promoting bromeliads to flowers, increasing uniformity of ripening some fruits, and damaging petals of cut flowers such as roses and carnations. Everblooming -----Answers_---Plants that bloom intermittently during the entire growing season. Evergreen -----Answers_---A plant which does not lose all its leaves at one time. Extension Agent -----Answers_---Cooperative Extension Service Agent located in the county/parish seat of each county/parish of the state to assist the public with information relating to agriculture, home economics, natural resources and 4-H.
Fumigation -----Answers_---Applying chemicals or gases to control insects within an enclosed area or under a plastic cover. Fungicide -----Answers_---A chemical material used to retard or prevent the growth of fungi. Genus -----Answers_---Describing the classification of a related family of plants consisting of one or more species. Germination -----Answers_---The sprouting of a seed and the commencement of growth. Also used to mean the starting of plants from seeds. Girdle -----Answers_---Cambium growth around a wire or twine which has been tightly wrapped around the trunk, limb or roots of a plant. 2) A piece of bark that has been stripped from around a plant's trunk. 3) Circling roots can also girdle trees or shrubs and cause injury or death. Grafting -----Answers_---The process of joining a scion (shoot) into a stock so that cambium layers grow together and form a union of two plant parts. Ground Cover -----Answers_---Refers to both plants and inert material, used to cover areas to prevent soil erosion or to discharge the intrusion of undesirable plants. Growing Medium -----Answers_---Specifically formulated soil substitute prepared for growing plants.
Growing Season -----Answers_---The period of time from the last plant-killing frost in the spring to the first plant killing frost in the fall. Growth Regulators -----Answers_---Any synthetic or natural organic compound such as indoleacetic acid, gibberllin, abscission, 2, 4-d, napthalene acetic acid, etc. which in diluted amounts will promote, inhibit or modify plant growth practices; also called auxins, plant hormones, and phytohormones. These hormones regulate leaf drop, root initiation, bud dormancy, bending of plants in response to light. Guying -----Answers_---Using cable, wire , rope, etc to support a tree, usually following transplanting. Hardening -----Answers_---A process of slowing plant growth by withholding water, lowering the temperature, or gradually moving the plants from a sheltered environment. The process of hardening plants is used to increase chances for survival at transplanting time. Hardy Plant -----Answers_---The ability to resist frost damage; a plant which can be planted before the las killing frost in the spring. Hardiness Zone -----Answers_---Geographic areas representing the average low winter temperatures of the region; used in horticulture in respect to plant adaptability. Heading Back -----Answers_---Pruning a branch back to bud or side branch to make the plant bushier.
Indeterminate tomato -----Answers_---The terminal bud does not set fruit. The vine can grow indefinitely if not killed by frost. Most of the cultivars trained on stakes or in wire cages are in this group. inflorescence -----Answers_---A flower cluster; the characteristic arrangement of flowers on the stem. Landscape Contractor -----Answers_---A contractor specializing in work dealing with all phases of landscape installation. Landscape Design -----Answers_---A creative problem-solving process that organizes external space to attain an optimum balance of environmental and human needs. Layering -----Answers_---A propagating technique in which the stem of a plant is surrounded with a rooting medium in order to force the development of roots along the portion of stem. Leaf -----Answers_---a plant organ that manufactures food by chlorophyll. Lime -----Answers_---Ground limestone which is used to reduce the acidity of soils. Dolomitic lime has magnesium carbonate and will supply some magnesium for the growing plant. Macronutrient -----Answers_---Certain chemical elements required in considerable abundance for the growth and survival of plants. Ex: nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium.
Meristem -----Answers_---Embryonic or undifferentiated tissue; these cells are capable of active division. Micronutrient -----Answers_---Certain elements essential to the growth of plants, but required only in minute amounts. Example iron and copper. Mildew -----Answers_---A white cottony coating which later turns black. Caused by various fungi, especially during periods of warm days and cold nights. Monoecious -----Answers_---A plant that has separate male and female flowers on the same plant. Morphactins -----Answers_---Synthetic growth regulators used to slow the growth rate of turfgrass and to pinch plants chemically to stimulate lateral shoots. Mulch -----Answers_---Any material applied to the soil surface to conserve moisture, maintain a more even soil temperature and/or aid in weed control.
