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LSU Geography 2051, Namikas, Final
Exam with correct answers
What are the 4 spheres of the Earth? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- Lithosphere
- Hydrosphere
- Atmosphere
- Biosphere What is the solid portion of the globe? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Lithosphere What is the water portion of the globe? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Hydrosphere What is the gases that surround the globe? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Atmosphere What are the living organisms that occupy the globe? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Biosphere A method for producing new knowledge - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Scientific method
A body of existing knowledge - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Theory A provisional explanation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Hypothesis A set of objects and their attributes that are linked together by a flow of matter and energy - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔System Matter and energy can leave the system - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Open system The system is self-contained; matter and energy are preserved - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Closed system Whatever is inputted in to the system will either be used as storage or will be outputted - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Budgets Inputs are larger than outputs and storage increases - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Positive budget Outputs are larger than inputs and storage decreases - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Negative budget Inputs are equal to outputs and storage is constant - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Balanced budget (equilibrium)
The part of the earth that is very hot, under a lot of pressure, and contains solid iron - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Inner core The part of the earth that is hot, liquid iron - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Outer core The middle portion of the earth - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Mantle The plastic layer of the mantle - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Asthenosphere The rigid layer of the mantle - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Uppermost mantle The outermost portion of the earth - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Crust The mantle and crust makes up the ________ - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Lithosphere A type of rock formed from cooling magma and is broken down by weathering processes - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Igneous rock A type of rock formed by lithification and sediments - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Sedimentary rock
A rock that is formed by a molecular change due to intense heat and pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Metamorphic rock Large scale movements of the earth's crust - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Isostasy The last supercontinent - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Pangea Plate boundaries that move away from each other - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Divergent boundaries What do divergent boundaries result in? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Sea floor spreading zone Plate boundaries that move toward one another - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Convergent boundaries Plate boundaries where the plates slide past each other - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Transform boundaries What do transform boundaries result in? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Subduction zone Areas where volcanic activity is abundant - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Hot spots
A force that results in pulling apart - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Tension What force causes faulting? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Tension A force that results in squeezing together - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Compression What force causes folding? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Compression Forces that act in opposite directions and cause horizontal bending in rocks
- CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Shear A crack in a rock - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Joint A particular type of joint - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Fault Faults that are created by tensional forces - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Normal fault Faults that are created by compressional forces - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Reverse / thrust fault Faults created by shear forces - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Strike-slip fault
Mountain formation that occurs along collisional plate boundaries - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Orogenesis The formation of volcanoes in the ocean is what type of orogenesis? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Oceanic-Oceanic What is an example of Oceanic-Oceanic orogenesis? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Japan The formation of mountains along the edge of a continent is what type of orogenesis? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Oceanic-Continental What is an example of Oceanic-Continental orogenesis? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Andes Mountains The formation of mountains when 2 low density plates crash in to one another is what type of orogenesis? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Continent-Continent What is an example of Continent-Continent orogenesis? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Himalayas A large stable block of earth's crust, forming the nucleus of a continent - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Craton
What are the 5 controls of weathering? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- Rock characteristics
- Climate
- Hydrology
- Topography
- Vegetation What are 3 examples of physical weathering processes? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Root wedging, crystallization, and frost action (freeze thaw) When water gets in to the cracks of rocks, and then freezes, cracking the rock - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Frost action (freeze thaw) The formation of crystals in the crack of rocks - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Crystallization When roots or trees grow out of the crevices of rocks - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Root wedging What are 3 examples of chemical weathering processes? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Oxidation, hydrolysis, and carbonation
What chemical process results in rust? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Oxidation What chemical process strips hydrogen molecules from a substance? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Hydrolysis An inclined or curved surface that represents the boundary of the land - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Slope The force that holds a particle down - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Gravity The force acting opposite to a moving object - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Friction The force that holds particles together - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Cohesion The maximum critical steepness of a slope is known as __________ - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Equilibrium The equilibrium of a slope is also known as the _______________ - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Angle of repose What are the 3 uses for water? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Cohesion between particles, lubricant to reduce friction, and buoyancy
A type of mass movement when a big piece of ill detaches itself from the hill and moves as a unit - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Landslide An extremely slow type of mass movement resulting in the slow movement of the upper layers of soil downhill - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Creeps What are the 4 processes involved in the hydrologic cycle? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Evaporation, advection, precipitation, and runoff This occurs when groundwater is taken out faster than it is replaced and the water table drops down - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Groundwater mining This occurs when pore spaces fill with air when the water table drops don and the pressure compresses the air, resulting in a collapse - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Aquifer collapse Landfills and septic systems can leak and flow in to water systems resulting in ______________ - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Pollution The movement of saline water in to freshwater aquifers - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Saltwater intrusion A land area that supplies water to a particular river system - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Drainage basin
A drainage pattern that resembles a tree or root system and is found in many different systems in life (the most energy efficient) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Dendritic A drainage pattern where all tributaries are relatively parallel to one another and flow in the same direction - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Parallel A drainage pattern where the tributaries flow away from a central point and occurs in areas with a high central elevation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Radial A drainage pattern where the tributaries flow in one direction, but form a 90 degree angle with the river - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Trellis A drainage pattern that has no logic to it and occurs in places that were recently disturbed - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Deranged A type of channel where water flows year round - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Perennial A type of channel where water flows for a portion of the year and is dry for the other part of the year - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Intermittent A type of channel that occurs in arid regions and can remain dry for years - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Ephemeral
A mode of sediment transport where the material remains some degree of contact with the bed - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Bedload A type of bedload where the material bounces along - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Saltation A type of bedload where the material rolls along the bed - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Traction Determines how much energy a river system has - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Longitudinal profile The ability of a river to carry sediment is equal to the supply of sediment - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Graded stream Triangular shaped landforms where velocity drops at the mouth - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Delta An example of a delta with river inputs - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Mississippi delta An example of a delta with waves - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Sao Francisco
An example of a delta with tides - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Fly River 3 requirements for effective Aeolian processes - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- Small sediment size
- Little or no vegetation
- Arid conditions The wearing away of materials - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Abrasion Flat-sided stones - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Ventifacts Tear-drop shaped landforms - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Yardangs 2 examples of abrasion - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Ventifacts and yardangs The removal of fine grain materials - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Deflation Depressions created from wind blowing a surface - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Blowouts 2 examples of deflation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Desert pavement and blowouts
The dynamic portion of the coastal zone that involves transporting sediment - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Littoral zone The part of the littoral zone that begins at water depth where waves are just staring to stir up sediment - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Near shore The part of the littoral zone where waves crash - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Surf zone The part of the littoral zone where the water rushes up the beach when a wave crashes - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Swash zone The part of the littoral zone that is exposed to air at low tide and is covered with water at high tide - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Foreshore The part of the littoral zone that is the dry portion of the beach - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Backshore The change in elevation of sea level that occurs along a coastline in response to gravitational forces - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Tides Tides that range from 0-2 m in depth - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Microtidal
Tides that range from 2-4 m in depth - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Mesotidal Tides that are greater than 4 m - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Macro tidal The 28 day tidal cycle due to the moon's gravitational pull - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Spring-Neap Tidal Cycle The tide that results in the maximum tidal range - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Spring tide The tide that results in the minimum tidal range - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Neap tide Highest point on a wave - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Crest Lowest point on a wave - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Trough The difference in elevation between a crest and trough - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Wave height The distance between 2 successive wave crests or troughs - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Wavelength
