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Lymphatic System
Group of organs and tissues not only works with immune system but also participates in a number of functions such as fluid homeostasis TERM 2
Main components of Lymphatic System
DEFINITION 2 Lymphatic vessels and lymphatic tissue and organs TERM 3
Regulation of interstitial fluid volume
DEFINITION 3 Net filtration pressure in blood capillaries favors filtration; water is lost from plasma to interstitial fluid. TERM 4
What happens when interstitial fluid exits
extracellular space?
DEFINITION 4 It enters lymphatic vessels and becomes known as lymph. TERM 5
The breakdown of fats in diet...
DEFINITION 5 Are to large to pass between endothelial cells so they instead enter small lymphatic vessels (lacteals) in small intestine
Immune Functions
Lymphatic system plays an important role in immune system; lymphoid organs filter pathogens from lymph and blood; also house several types of leukocytes, and play a role in their maturation TERM 7
What do the lymph trunks
do?
DEFINITION 7 They drain lymph from specific body regions TERM 8
Subclavian trunks
DEFINITION 8 Receive lymph from upper limbs TERM 9
Intestinal trunk & lumbar
trunk
DEFINITION 9 Drain into large, swollen vessels called cisterna chyli TERM 10
Thoracic duct
DEFINITION 10 Drains all of lower body and left side of upper body; LARGEST LYMPHATIC DUCT; runs along anterior vertebral column and drains into junction of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins.
What are lymph nodes?
Clusters of lymphoid organs along pathway of lymphatic vessels TERM 17
What is
lymphedema?
DEFINITION 17 It causes edema or swelling; accumulation of excess interstitial fluid; usually removal of lymphatic vessels during surgery or blockage of vessels from pathogens such as parasites TERM 18
What can cause mild to moderate edema?
DEFINITION 18 Trauma, vascular disease, and heart failure TERM 19
Predominant Tissue
DEFINITION 19 Is a type of loose connective tissue called reticular tissue TERM 20
What does predominant tissue contain?
DEFINITION 20 Specialized cells and reticular fibers; they interweave to form "nets" that trap disease-causing pathogens
Macrophages
Mature monocytes; very active phagocytes TERM 22
What does MALT protect?
DEFINITION 22 It protects oral and nasal cavities; they re scattered throughout the GI tract, respiratory passages, and, to limited extent, genitourinary tract TERM 23
Where are tonsils located?
DEFINITION 23 Located around oral and nasal cavities TERM 24
Where are Peyer's patches located?
DEFINITION 24 Located in last portion of small intestine (ileum) TERM 25
Where does the appendix protrude from?
DEFINITION 25 Protrudes from large intestine.
Red Pulp
Contain macrophages that destroy old erythrocytes TERM 32
White Pulp
DEFINITION 32 Filters pathogens from blood and contain leukocytes and dendritic cells TERM 33
What does thymus secrete?
DEFINITION 33 Secretes hormones that enable it to carry out its primary function; generates population of functional T cells capable of protecting body from pathogens TERM 34
Second Line of Defense
DEFINITION 34 Responses of cells and proteins that make up innate immunity TERM 35
Third line of Defense
DEFINITION 35 Responses of cells and proteins of adaptive immunity
Innate (nonspecific) immunity
Responds to all pathogens or classes of pathogen in the same way. TERM 37
Adaptive (specific) (learned) immunity
DEFINITION 37 Respond individually to unique glycoprotein markers (antigens); has capacity for immunological memory TERM 38
Acquired immunity
DEFINITION 38 It can take 3-5 days to mount response; after this point, it is dominant response TERM 39
Cells of innate immunity
DEFINITION 39 Pathogens that are able to bypass body's surface barriers, next meet the second line of defense which include phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells TERM 40
Cytoxic effects
DEFINITION 40 Secrete chemicals onto pathogens that are too large to ingest
What is a complement?
It is a group of molecules colelctively known as complement system; consists of 20 or more plasma proteins; produced primarily by liver TERM 47
How many series of enzymatic reactions
(pathways) activate complement proteins and
what are they?
DEFINITION 47 There are 3 series; Classical Pathway: begins when inactive complement proteins bind to antibodies bound to antigen; Lectin Pathway: initiated when proteins called lectins bind to carbs on the surface of microbes; Alternative Pathway: beings when inactive complement proteins encounter foreign cells such as bacteria TERM 48
What is enhanced inflammation?
DEFINITION 48 Inflammatory response that is a nonspecific response to cellular injury; several complement proteins enhance this response by triggering basophils and mast cells to release chemicals that mediate inflammation TERM 49
Neutralized Viruses
DEFINITION 49 C3b and components of membrane attack complex bind to certain viruses and neutralize them/block them from infecting host cells TERM 50
Cytokines
DEFINITION 50 Proteins produced by several types of immune cells
What do cytokines enhance?
They enhance immune response; several cytokines are also involved in innate immunity TERM 52
What is the cytokine, tumor necrosis factor
do?
DEFINITION 52 It is cytokine secreted primarily by activated macrophages in response to certain bacteria and other pathogens. TERM 53
What is the cytokine, interferons
do?
DEFINITION 53 The cytokines are produced by macrophages, dendritc cells, NK cells, and cells of adaptive immunity TERM 54
What is the cytokine, interleukins
do?
DEFINITION 54 There are 29 cytokines known to date and are produced mainly by various leukocytes
