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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM LYMPHATIC SYSTEM, Cheat Sheet of Anatomy

Araullo University (AU)Anatomy

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2021/2022
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FUNCTIONS:
1.
Fluid Balance
2.
Fat absorption
3.
Defense
ANATOMY OF THE LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM
Lymphatic Capillaries and Vessels
Lymphatic Capillaries –
tiny, closed-ended
vessels consisting of
simple squamous
epithelium
Lymphatic Vessels
–
resemble small
veins; formed when
lymphatic
capillaries join
together; Lymph
consists of excess
tissue fluid and
plasma proteins
carried by
lymphatic vessels
Right Lym phatic
Duct –
lymphatic vessels from the right
upper limb and the right half of the head,
neck and chest; empties into the right
subclavian vein
Thoracic Duct –
lymphatic vessels from the
rest of the body; empties into the left
subclavian vein
Lymphatic Organs
Lymphatic Tissue –
consists of many
lymphocytes and other cells, such as
macrophages; found within lymphatic
organs
Tonsils
1.
Palatine Tonsils –
located on each side
of the posterior opening of the oral cavity
➢ Usually referred to as
“the tonsils”
2.
Pharyngeal Tonsils –
located near the
internal opening of the nasal cavity
➢
Adenoid –
enlarged pharyngeal
tonsil
3.
Lingual Tonsil –
on the posterior surface
of the tongue
Lymph Nodes
➢ Rounded structures, varying from the
size of a small seed to that of a shelled
almond
Cortez (outer part)
– contains follicles
(collection of lymphocytes); germinal centers
enlarge when antibodies are released by
plasma cells
Medulla (inner part) – contains phagocytic
macrophages
Capsule –
dense CT that surrounds each
lymph node
Trabeculae –
extensions of the capsule
Lymphatic Nodules –
dense aggregations of
tissue form from lymphocytes and other cells
Lymphatic Sinuses –
spaces between the
lymphatic tissues that contain macrophages on
a network of fibers
Germinal Centers –
lymphatic nodules
containing the rapidly dividing lymphocytes
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
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FUNCTIONS:

1. Fluid Balance 2. Fat absorption 3. Defense ANATOMY OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Lymphatic Capillaries and Vessels Lymphatic Capillaries – tiny, closed-ended vessels consisting of simple squamous epithelium Lymphatic Vessels - resemble small veins; formed when lymphatic capillaries join together; Lymph consists of excess tissue fluid and plasma proteins carried by lymphatic vessels Right Lymphatic Duct – lymphatic vessels from the right upper limb and the right half of the head, neck and chest; empties into the right subclavian vein Thoracic Duct – lymphatic vessels from the rest of the body; empties into the left subclavian vein Lymphatic Organs Lymphatic Tissue – consists of many lymphocytes and other cells, such as macrophages; found within lymphatic organs **Tonsils

  1. Palatine Tonsils –** located on each side of theposterior opening of the oral cavity ➢ Usually referred to as **“the tonsils”
  2. Pharyngeal Tonsils –** located near the internal opening of the nasal cavity ➢ Adenoid – enlarged pharyngeal tonsil 3. Lingual Tonsil – on the posterior surface of thetongue Lymph Nodes ➢ Rounded structures, varying from the size of a small seed to that of a shelled almond Cortez (outer part) – contains follicles (collection of lymphocytes); germinal centers enlarge when antibodies are released by plasma cells Medulla (inner part) – contains phagocytic macrophages Capsule – dense CT that surrounds each lymph node Trabeculae – extensions of the capsule Lymphatic Nodules – dense aggregations of tissueform from lymphocytes and other cells Lymphatic Sinuses – spaces between the lymphatictissues that contain macrophages on a network of fibers Germinal Centers – lymphatic nodules containing the rapidly dividing lymphocytes

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Flow of lymph through nodes

  • Lymph enters the convex side through afferent lymphatic vessels
  • Lymph flows through a number of sinuses inside the node
  • Lymph exits through efferent lymphatic vessels
  • Because there are fewer efferent than afferent vessels, flow is slowed Spleen ➢ Roughly the size of a clenched fist and is located in the left, superior corner of the abdominal cavity ➢ Has an outer capsule of dense CT and a small amount of smooth muscles Trabeculae – divide the spleen into small, interconnected compartments containing 2 specialized types of lymphatic tissue White Pulp – surrounds the arteries within the spleen Red Pulp – associated with the veins Thymus ➢ Bilobed gland roughly triangular in shape ➢ Site for maturation of lymphocytes Capsule – thin CT that surrounds each lobe Trabeculae – divide each lobe into lobules Cortex – dark-staining areas where lymphocytes are numerous Medulla – lighter-staining, central portion of the lobules; has fewer lymphocytes

OVERVIEW OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

➢ The lymphatic system removes fluid from tissues, absorbs fats from the small intestine, and produces B cells and T cells, which are responsible for much of immunity. IMMUNITY ➢ The ability to resist damage from foreign substances – such as microorganisms, harmful chemicals, and internal threats Innate Immunity – nonspecific resistance; the body recognizes and destroys certain foreign substances, but the response to them is the same each time the body is exposed. Adaptive Immunity – specific immunity; the body recognizes and destroys certain foreign substances, but the response to them improves each time the foreign substance is encountered. ➢ Specificity – ability of adaptive immunity to recognize a particular substance ➢ Memory – ability of the adaptive immunity to “remember” previous encounters with a particular substance INNATE IMMUNITY PHYSICAL Barriers ➢ Prevent microorganisms and chemicals from entering the body in two ways:

  1. Skin and mucous membranes form barriers that prevent their entry
  2. Tears, saliva , and urine wash these substances from body surfaces

Origin And Development Of Lymphocytes Stem Cells – Give rise to all the blood cells Clones – small groups of identical B cells or T cells that are form during embryonic development Activation And Multiplication Of Lymphocytes Antigen Recognition Antigen Receptors – proteins of the lymphocytes ➢ B-CELL RECEPTORS – antigen receptors on B cells ➢ T-CELL RECEPTORS – antigen receptors on T cells Major Histo Compatibility Complex (Mhc) Molecules – are glycoproteins that have binding sites for antigens Costimulation – achieved by cytokines (regulator of neighboring cells) ➢ Interleukin- 1 – is a cytokine released by macrophages that can stimulate helper T cells Lymphocyte Proliferation Interleukin- 2 – binds to interleukin- 2 receptors and stimulates the helper T cells to divide B Cell Proliferation – when helper T cells stimulate B cells to divide and differentiate into cells that produce antibodies Antibody-Mediated Immunity Structures Of Antibodies Antibodies – proteins produced in response to an antigen Variable Region – part of the antibody that combines with the antigen Constant Region – the rest of the antibody Gamma Globulins – other name for antibodies Immunoglobulins (Ig) – part of the plasma where antibodies and found Effects Of Antibodies ➢ Directly inactivate antigens or cause them to clump together ➢ Indirectly destroy antigens by promoting phagocytosis and inflammation Antibody Production Primary Response – results from the first exposure of a B cell to an antigen Plasma Cells – produce antibodies Memory B Cells – responsible of the secondary response Secondary Response / Memory Response – occurs when the immune system is exposed to an antigen against which it has already produced a primary response Cell – Mediated Immunity ➢ A function of cytotoxic T cells and is most effective against microorganisms inside body cells Acquired Immunity Active Natural Immunity ➢ Results from natural exposure to an antigen Active Artificial Immunity ➢ An antigen is deliberately introduced into an individual to stimulate the immune system ➢ Vaccination // Vaccine (antigen introduced) Passive Natural Immunity ➢ Results hen antibodies are transferred from a mother to a child across the placenta before birth