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MAGUINDANAON NOUNS AND PRONOUNS
I.TYPES OF NOUNS: CLASSIFICATIONS
I.I Simple Nouns I.II Derived Nouns II.A base + suffix - an II.B Prefix dama- +noun II.C Prefix ka + adjective II.D Prefix taga + base II.E ka- + nouns + -an II.F pa- + RED + verbs
- TYPES SEMANTICS OF NOUNS II.I Proper Nouns II. II.Common Nouns
- TYPES OF NOUNS ACC. TO CONCEPT III.I Concrete I.A Collective Nouns I. B Di- Panlasak III.II Abstract Nouns
- COMPOUND NOUNS IV.A Descriptive IV. B Possessive IV. C Objective
- COUNT NOUNS V.I Mass Nouns VI. GENDER OF NOUNS VII. CASE MARKERS VIII. DETERMINERS I.TYPES OF PRONOUNS
I.I Personal Pronouns I.A Absolute Case I.B Ergative Case I.C Oblique Case
- PANAUHAN II.I First Person I.A Declensions of the Pronoun Saki (I) I.B Declensions of the Pronoun (Plural We) I.C Declensions of the Pronoun (We- You and I) I.D Declensions of the Pronoun (Plural We- everyone except you) II.II Second Person II.A Declensions of the Pronoun (You) II.B Declensions of the Pronoun (Plural You) II.C Declensions of the Pronoun (He, She, It) II.III Third Person III.A Declensions of the Pronoun (Plural They) III. KAILANAN III.I Isahan III.II Dalawahan III.III Maramihan IV. KAUKULAN IV.I Palagyo IV.II Paukol IV.III Paari V. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN VI. INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS VII. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
In the sample, bilanggu „prisoner‟ is suffixed with –an forming bilangguan „prison‟. The derived noun bilangguan „prison‟ is a place associated with the base bilanggu „prisoner‟ since bilangguan „prison‟ is a place where a bilanggu „prisoner‟ is imprisoned. II. B Prefix dama- + Noun In Maguindanaon, a noun that has a prefix dama- refers to a place where the noun is abundant. It only occurs if these nouns are inanimate produced by nature. Prefix dama- Noun Derived Noun (Maguindanaon) Meaning dama- + kayu (tree) dama kayu forest dama- + palay (rice) dama palay rice field dama- + legen (grass) dama legen grassland Dama- is prefixed to kayu „tree‟ forming damakayu „forest‟. The derived noun damakayu „forest‟ expresses a place where the noun kayu „tree‟ is abundant. In other sample, dama- is prefixed to legen „grass‟ forming damalegen „grassland‟ II. C Prefix ka- + Adjective If an adjective is affixed by the prefix ka- it becomes a noun. It derives adjectives to nouns. Prefix ka- + Adjective Derived Noun Meaning ka- + lembeg (tall) ka lembeg tallness ka- + ilaw (raw) ka ilaw rawness ka- + kiput (tight) ka kiput tightness In sample (21), ka- is prefixed to the adjective root lembeg „tall‟ forming the noun kalembeg „tallness‟
II. D II. D. Prefix taga + base If a root word in Maguindanaon is affixed by the prefix taga-, it refers to a person who resides in the BASE. Prefix -taga + Base Derived Noun Meaning taga- + Ilud (Downstream) taga- ilud Someone who lives in the downstrea ms. taga- + Glan taga- Glan Someone who lives in Glan taga- + Laya (Upstream) taga- laya Someone who lives in the Upstreams In the example, taga- is prefixed to the base ilud „downstream‟ forming the word taga-ilud „someone who lives downstream‟. Taga-ilud is a person who is a native of, or resides in Ilud „downstream‟. Additionaly, taga- is prefixed to the base Glan, forming the word taga-Glan,, someone who lives in Glan‟. Taga-Glan is a person who is a native of, or resides in Glan. This process applies to the rest of the samples II. E Prefix ka- + Noun + suffix -an A noun that is affixed by a prefix ka- and suffix -an will create a noun that pertains to a certain group of people or things. Prefix ka- + Noun Suffix -an Derived Noun ka + adat (customers) -an ka adat an ka + walay (house) -an ka walay an ka + palaw (bunok) -an ka walay an
Eid-al-Fitr “Festival of Breaking Fast” Omar Salik Omar Salik Mubarak Tahir Mubarak Tahir II. II COMMON NOUN This is a type of noun which names a person, event, place, animal in general. Usually a common noun will have a small letter for the first letter except for a few instances such as a common noun following a proper noun like Doctor Petrov or Teacher Elsa. Another instance is that the common noun was the first word in a sentence. Maguindanaon Filipino Lagat /la.gat/ dagat Pedtad /ped.tad/ buhangin Duktor /duk.tur/ Doktor III. TYPES OF NOUNS ACC. TO CONCEPT III.I Concrete Concrete nouns are tangible, things one can see, hear, smell, taste and touch. Opposed to these are abstract nouns, intangible things, which are mostly concepts, those that one cannot see, hear, smell, taste and touch. Maguindanaon Filipino kuda /ku.da/ kabayo asu aso
a.su kayu ka.yu puno kantil kan.til higaan I.A Collective Nouns Refers to the number of specific people, animals or things. Maguindanaon Filipino sapundot kumpol damakayu kagubatan pakat friends I. B Non-Collective Nouns Nouns that don’t have plural form. Maguindanaon Filipino ina /i.na/ nanay wata /wa.ta/ child manuk /ma.nuk/ manok ama /a.ma/ tatay
'scornful laugh' belongs to nengka 'you'. 'Your scornful laugh' cannot be expressed as 'tatawa nengka a mailaw', but always 'tatawa a mailaw nengka', where the two components tatawa 'laugh' and mailaw 'raw' are together.
2. The components are not interchangeable. For example, the word 'tatawa a mailaw' cannot be expressed as 'mailaw a tatawa' since it can be interpreted as a modified construction and it will have a **new meaning.
- The meaning of compound words does not always come from the components.** For example, the word 'tatawa a mailaw' cannot literally derive the meaning of its word from tatawa 'laugh' and mailaw 'raw' as tatawa a mailaw does not mean 'raw laugh'. There are three types of compound nouns in the Maguindanao language: (A) Descriptive , (B) Possessive , and (C) Objective. (A) Descriptive. The second element describes the first element. The first element is a noun and the second is an adjective. They are linked with the help of the particle a. First Element Noun + Second Element Noun = Compound Noun ulan ‘rain’ /u.lan/ + daladag ‘sparse’ /da.lèndèg/ = Ulan a daladag ‘rainshower’ /u.lan/ /a/ /da.lèndèg/
tatawa ‘laugh’ /’d.ta.tawa/ + mailaw ‘raw’ /mey.law/ = Tatawa a mailaw ‘scornful laugh’ /ed.ta.tawa/ /a/ /mey.law/ kalatas ‘papel’ /ka.letas/ + makapal ‘thick’ /ma.kapal/ = Kalatas a makapal ‘cardboard’ /ka.letas/ /a/ /ma.kapal/ ig ‘tubig’ /ig/ + madalem ‘deep’ /ma.dalèm/ = Ig a nadalem ‘deep water’ /ig/ /a/ /ma.dalèm/ tiuba ‘catastrophe’ / tiyu.ba/ + masela ‘great’ /mas.la/ = Tiuba a masela ‘misfortune, great disaster’ / tiyu.ba/ /a/ /mas.la/ (B) Possessive. The first element declares that the second element is the owner of an object. The possessive marker a/an connects the two elements. **First Element Possessed
- Second Element Possessed = Compound Noun** gay ‘day’ /gèy/
- babay ‘girl’ /ba.bay/ = gay na babay ‘menstruation’
ayaw ‘suppressor’ /a.yaw/
- kilat ‘lighting’ /ki.lat/ = ayaw na kilat ‘scrub’ /a.yaw/ /na/ /ki.lat/ tulak ‘to push’ /tu.lak/
- bala ‘disaster’ /ba.la/ = tulak na bala ‘offering in the form of money or in knid to ward off mischief’ /tu.lak/ /na/ /ba.la/ bungkas ‘to make an opening, or hole in the wall’ /bung.kas/
- bilik ‘room’ /bi.lik/ = ayaw na kilat ‘scrub’ /a.yaw/ /na/ /ki.lat/ ayaw na kilat ‘scrub’ /a.yaw/ /na/ /ki.lat/
- ginawa ‘self’ /gi.nawa/ = Nadtimuan na ginawa ‘firm decision’ /nad.timwan/ /na/ /gi.nawa/ puyu ‘to carry with a blanket’ /pu.yu/
- titi ‘urine’ /ti.ti/ = puyu na titi ‘bladder’ /pu.yu/ /na/ /ti.ti/ V. COUNT NOUNS Count nouns refer to things that can be counted and mass nouns are those that refer to substances, like water, sand, air, wood, etc., in short, those that cannot be counted in one, two or three (Payne, 1997). Mass nouns are usually liquids, powders, substances and abstract nouns. Example:
● Kakaba - cockroach ● Ayanan - chair ● Liblu - book ● Asu - dog In the above examples, count nouns kakaba , kulsa , liblu , asu , and mama can be counted and directly be attached to numerals through the linker ka. These are shown below. ● pat ka kakaba four LNK cockroach “four cockroaches” ● lima ka kulsa five LNK chair “five chairs” ● sapulu ka liblu ten LNK book “ten books” ● telu ka asu three LNK dog “three dogs” ● dua ka wata mama two LNK child man “two boys” In the examples given, the count nouns (in bold) are counted by the cardinal numerals pat, lima, sapulu, telu and dua respectively. As the above examples show, the cardinal numeral appears first then ka is attached before the noun, making the rule, Rule 1: cardinal numeral + ka + count noun Although the numbers given in the examplesslidss plural in number, the plural marker manga is optional, for example, sapula ka liblu can be expressed as sapulu ka manga liblu , while dua ka wata mama can be expressed as dua ka manga wata mama. Thus revising Rule 1, we have the rule for counting count nouns as, Rule 2: cardinal numeral + ka + (manga) + count noun V.I MASS NOUNS Opposed to count nouns are mass nouns, which cannot be readily counted. Some require quantifiers, like containers, where liquids or powders could be stored3 ,
“three rice” ● gunu a begas grain LNK rice “grain of rice” ● telu ka gunu a begas three LNK grain LNK rice “three grains of rice” ● saku a begas sack LNK rice “sack of rice” ● telu ka saku a begas three LNK sack LNK rice “three sacks of rice” In the examples given, the mass noun begas “rice” cannot be readily counted as in the first bullet. It can be numerated if with the quantifier gunu “grain” or with the container saku “sack” as shown in the third and fifth bullet, t elu ka gunu a begas “three grains of rice” and telu ka saku a begas “three sacks of rice” respectively. Again, rather than the mass noun itself, it is the quantifier that is counted. The rule for counting quantified mass nouns is as follows, Rule 4: cardinal number + ka + [quantifier + a + mass noun] VI. GENDER OF NOUNS Nouns can be classified according to their gender, and to the type of gender if there is one. A noun has a gender if it refers to a person or animal. While, things , and places have no gender. Example: Noun With Gender Kura - Horse Ina - Mother Noun Without Gender Talumpa - Shoes Lagat - Sea Nouns with gender can be further classified according to three (3). It is masculine , if it directly refers to a man, feminine if it refers to a woman. There are nouns that are
naturally masculine or feminine because they are names of people that are intended only for a specific gender. On the other hand, there are also nouns of indefinite gender, especially if it is a common noun. Example: Masculine Bapa - Uncle Kanakan - Teenager (Boy) Kasan- Rooster Wata Mama - Baby boy Asu a Mama - Dog Feminine Babu - Aunt Laga - Teenager (Girl) Wata Babay - Baby Girl Asu a Babay - Bitch Indefinite Tuwa - Grandparents Seda- Fish VII. INDEFINITE PRONOUN This is a type of pronoun that shows a name that is unsure which it wants to refer to. it also includes the characteristic that it substitutes for a noun that describes a group of people.
VII. DETERMINERS
Determiners are a class of words that more closely identify a noun. These are similar to adjectives in that they modify nouns, but they differ from adjectives in that they are more crucial to the correct form of sentences. Maguindanao Determiners Two Sets of Determiners in Magundanao: A. Non-personal noun determiners are further differentiated into two types, depending on whether the noun they are referring to is specific or non-specific. It also depends whether they are known to the speaker or not. B. Personal noun determiners are classified into two forms: one determines only the personal name (singular) , whereas the other determines the personal name and his company (plural). In Maguindanao, determiners can take on various forms when used in absolutive, ergative, and oblique cases. I. Absolutive case is when the noun being determined is the subject (S) or predicate (P) of the verb. Subject refers to the only argument of an intransitive verb, whereas the least-agent-like argument of a transitive verb refers to the predicate. I. Ergative case is when the noun being marked is the agent (A) of the verb, which is the agent of the transitive clause. II. Oblique case is used when the noun being marked is an optional participant in the clause. A. Non-personal Noun Determiners
I. Absolutive Case Example: (1) “A bird ate a pineapple.” Kan na papanuk i nanas <TR.COMP>eat ERG.NONSPEC bird ABS.NONSPEC pineapple (2) “The mosquito flew to the foot of the mountain.” Naka-ledtu su tagenek sa padsudan INT.COMP-fly ABS.SPEC mosquito OBL foot.of.mountain In the first example, nanas 'pineapple' which is the predicate of the transitive verb kinan 'ate' is specified by i. Herein, it is known to the speaker that a papanuk 'bird' ate a nanas 'pineapple'. However, it is not identifiable to which specific pineapple since the specifier i is used to imply non-specificity. On the other hand, su specifies tagenek 'mosquito', the S of the intransitive verb nakaledtu 'flew'. In this sentence, tagenek is identifiable to the speaker since su implies specificity. II. Ergative Case (1) “The rooster pecked my hand.” Tuka nu kalasan a manuk su lima ku <TR.COMP>peck ERG.SPEC rooster ABS.SPEC hand 1POSS.SG (2) “A bee bit me.” ebut aku na lapinig <TR.COMP>bite 1ABS,SG ERG.NONSPEC bee
