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MCB4271 Final Exam Questions And
Correct Answers
Antibiotic resistance occurs naturally, but the _____ of drugs in humans and animals is accelerating the process. - Answer underuse, use, and overuse
On average, how long does it take for the development of clinical resistance to an antibiotic? - Answer 8 years
Factors contributing to AMR in healthcare include (choose the best answer) - Answer lack of antibiotics, poor sanitation, inadequate infection controls
The use of antibiotics in farm animals has been ______ in 1951. - Answer approced
What are the reasons that make it difficult to eliminate antibiotics from their use in farm animals? - Answer loss of profit to animal farming companies, loss of profit to pharmaceutical companies, easy access to antibiotics
Major host reservoirs that are exposed to antibiotic selective pressure include the following: - Answer Food animals, pets, and humans
What is the problem associated with the Citrus Greening Disease? - Answer Massive application of clinically-important antibiotics on citrus crops
Johnny developed a MRSA infections when he got injured during his baseball practice. Johnny got a _____ acquired infection. - Answer community
According to the WHO, antimicrobial resistance is one of the biggest threats to global health and food security today. - Answer True
Check all the reasons why antibiotics are used in food animals: - Answer Growth promotion (although banned in 2017), infection control
All strains of mold produce penicillin. True/False - Answer False
The structure of beta-lactam antibiotics resemble: - Answer a house
beta-lactam antibiotics are characterized by: - Answer a 4-member ring containing a nitrogen
penicillinases are - Answer enzymes that deactivate penicillin
The structure below is D-ala-Dala dipeptide. What is its function? - Answer peptidoglycan terminus
clavams are very potent antibiotics - Answer false
What is this antibiotic (structure covering D-Ala-D-Ala - Answer vancomycin
What is the function of the penicillin binding protein? - Answer to crosslink peptidoglycan
What is this antibiotic? (5-membered ring containing O and NH. NH2 and double bonded O form bonds with C in the ring) - Answer Cycloserine
Carbapenems are effective against 98% of bacterial strains isolated from hospitals. There is a special caution of using this antibiotic to avoid the development of resistance.
Conversion of dihydrofolate back to tetrahydrofolate is essential to keep a constant supply of which nucleotide? - Answer dTTP
What is the functino of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)? - Answer converts dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate
Trimethroprim binds to human DHFR - Answer False
Inhibiting DNA synthesis arrests the cell cycle but does not kill cells. Hence, trimethroprim is classified as a bacteriostatic antibiotic. - Answer True
Sulfanilamide is an antibiotic. - Answer False
Structural differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic machinery involved in the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology (replication, transcription, translation) allow for the development of antibiotics that specifically target microbial cells. - Answer True
What is this antibiotic? i cant describe this picture lol - Answer Fluorquinolone
Quinolone antibiotics target DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. These type II topoisomerases are also found within the human proteome. - Answer False
Which of the following statements is true about rifampin? - Answer It inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase.
What is the function of sulfanilamide? - Answer inhibits dihydropteroate synthase
The antibiotic structure show below is (4 six-membered rings) - Answer a tetracycline
Tetracyclines bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit. - Answer False
Chloramphenicol binds to 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits peptidyl transferase - Answer True
What is the function of the hydrophobic fatty acid chain in lipopeptides? - Answer Allows the antibiotic to penetrate cell membrane
The majority of antibiotic classes were developed during the Golden Age of antibiotics. Since then, very few new classes were introduced into clinical use. - Answer True
Hemoperfusion devices - Answer Filtering blood from bacteria
What of the following is an example of antibiotic target modification - Answer 23s rRNA mutation of the 50S ribosomal subunit, D-ala-D-ala to D-ala-D-lac substitution, positively charging envelope
Which of the following is not an example of antibiotic target modification? - Answer drug linearization
Bacteria gain resistance to trimethoprim mainly by which of the following mechanisms?
Biofilms are _____. Check all that apply - Answer resistant to antibiotics, resistant to antiseptics
What are planktonic bacteria? - Answer single cells floating in liquid
What does VRE stand for? - Answer Vancomycin resistant Enterococci
Staphylococcus aureus is the cause of the most common hospital-acquired infections - Answer True
ESKAPE pathogens attack only immunocompromised individuals - Answer False
What do all ESKAPE pathogens have in common? - Answer Highly resistant, transmissible, pathogenic
Which of the following statements is NOT true? - Answer The clinical ecosystem is the major reservoir of AMR
Which of the following is an example of a low-selection pressure AMR reservoir? - Answer Soil
Select the source of AMR genes in the human gut - Answer agriculture, caregivers, environment
Johnny was playing in the sand. He didn't wash his hands and swallowed some bacteria that have no capacity to infect or colonize his gut, but these bacteria were able to transfer ARGs to Enterococci spp. that inhabit his gut microbiota. The bacteria that he swallowed are _____. - Answer carriers
Vertical gene transfer is characterized by a transfer of genetic material from the parental organism(s). - Answer True
F plasmid can integrate into chromosomal DNA to become an Hfr cell. After transfer of genetic material the acceptor cell ______. - Answer Remains F-negative.
Transposons, or "jumping genes" can facilitate the transposition of resistance genes during vertical gene transfer. - Answer False
MRSA can affect young and healthy individuals - Answer True
~30% of world's population is colonized by S. aureus. - Answer True
The purpose of antibiotic surveillance is to: - Answer better understand AMR patterns, provide appropriate response
GLASS collects information on both viral and bacterial infections. - Answer False
AMR surveillance is easy at the national level but becomes challenging at the global level - Answer False
What does CLSI stand for? - Answer Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
target certain bacterial species). - Answer False
Metal surfaces (i.e. copper) can kill bacteria on contact. - Answer True
Therapeutic vaccines can potentially ________ bacterial infections; however, the challenge with their development is that bacterial infections progress ________ for vaccines to work. - Answer treat, too fast
You are a scientist working in the Microbiology & Cell Science Department at UF. You've read that Native Indians living in Florida used to treat skin infections by rubbing leaves from the Gatortree. Being very interested in natural anti-infective compounds, you found the Gatortree, collected its leaves, and extracted the fraction that has an antibacterial effect. After a couple of tests, you found that it's potency in killing MRSA is similar to vancomycin. What can you tell about the active compound? - Answer This is most likely a novel antibacterial compound
What is Dr. William Prusoff known for? - Answer Developed the first antiviral drug
Fascarnet is an antiviral drug that mimics pyrophosphate. Therefore, it inhibits viral replication by binding to and inhibiting viral _______. - Answer DNA polymerase
Which of the following describes the function of viral integrase inhibitors? - Answer Inhibit incorporation of the viral DNA into the host genome
Viral entry inhibitors function by interfering with which of the following processes? - Answer Genetic injection, Membrane fusion, Endocytosis
Drug-target modification is a mechanism of viral resistance commonly seen with which of the following drugs? - Answer Protease inhibitors, Integrase inhibitors, Nucleoside analogs, Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
NS5B is a drug that targets the HCV RNA polymerase. The viral mechanism of resistance against NS5B bears no fitness costs. - Answer False
Which of the following group is at the highest risk of contracting a subcutaneous mycosis? - Answer Agricultural workers, miners, and gardeners
Which of the following statements are true about Candida auris - Answer Emerging MDR yeast, Associated with extended hospital stays
Fungi develop resistance to flucytosine using which of the following mechanisms? - Answer Prevention of activation
Azoles represent one of the largest classes of antifungals. What is the mechanism of action of azoles. - Answer Inhibition of sterol synthesis
