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Pharmacology Drug Mechanisms: Q&A on Drug Actions and Side Effects, Exams of Advanced Education

A series of questions and answers related to the mechanisms of action and side effects of various drugs. It covers several drug classes, including ace inhibitors, arbs, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, nitrates, and more. Each question focuses on identifying the drug, explaining its mechanism of action, and listing its side effects. This format is useful for students studying pharmacology or preparing for exams, offering a concise review of essential drug information. Structured to facilitate quick learning and memorization of key pharmacological concepts, making it a valuable resource for medical and pharmacy students. It also includes information on anti-cancer drugs and their mechanisms.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 05/15/2025

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MD3001 Drugs Test Questions With
Complete Solution
Name two ACE inhibitors. - Answer Ramipril and Lisinopril
What is the mechanism of action of Ramipril? - Answer - Inhibits
angiotensin conversion enzyme
- Prevents the conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II
- Decreasing the effects of angiotensin II which are; sodium and
water retention, vasoconstriction and ADH release.
What are the side-effects of Ramipril? - Answer - Persistent Dry
Cough
- Contra-indicated With Pregnancy
- Dizziness
- Headaches
Name two ARBs. - Answer Lorsartan and Candesartan
What is the mechanism of action of an ARB? - Answer - Blocks the
angiotensin II receptors
- Decreasing the effects of angiotensin II which are; water and
sodium retention, vasoconstriction and ADH release.
What are the side-effects of ARBs? - Answer - Contra-indicated With
Pregnancy
- Dizziness
- Headaches
Name a renin inhibitor. - Answer Aliskiren
What is the mechanism of action of Aliskiren? - Answer - Inhibits the
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MD3001 Drugs Test Questions With

Complete Solution

Name two ACE inhibitors. - Answer Ramipril and Lisinopril What is the mechanism of action of Ramipril? - Answer - Inhibits angiotensin conversion enzyme

  • Prevents the conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II
  • Decreasing the effects of angiotensin II which are; sodium and water retention, vasoconstriction and ADH release. What are the side-effects of Ramipril? - Answer - Persistent Dry Cough
  • Contra-indicated With Pregnancy
  • Dizziness
  • Headaches Name two ARBs. - Answer Lorsartan and Candesartan What is the mechanism of action of an ARB? - Answer - Blocks the angiotensin II receptors
  • Decreasing the effects of angiotensin II which are; water and sodium retention, vasoconstriction and ADH release. What are the side-effects of ARBs? - Answer - Contra-indicated With Pregnancy
  • Dizziness
  • Headaches Name a renin inhibitor. - Answer Aliskiren What is the mechanism of action of Aliskiren? - Answer - Inhibits the

release of renin

  • Interfering with the renin-angiotensin pathway
  • Decreasing sodium and water retention, vasoconstriction and ADH release. What are the side-effects of Aliskiren? - Answer They are very severe, therefore Aliskiren is rarely used Name three dihydropyridine derivative calcium channel blockers. - Answer Amlodipine, Vercanadipine and Lercanadipine What is the mechanism of action of Amlodipine and Vercanadipine? - Answer - Block the calcium channels
  • Decreasing the amount of calcium that can enter the cell upon depolarisation
  • Therefore relaxing smooth muscle
  • Leading to vasodilation
  • Reducing after load What are the side-effects of Amlodipine and Vercanadipine? - Answer
  • Ankle Oedema
  • Flushes
  • Headaches
  • Dizziness Name two rate-limiting calcium channel blockers. - Answer Verapamil and Diltiazem What is the mechanism of action of Verapamil and Diltiazem? - Answer - Block the calcium channels
  • Decreasing the amount of calcium that can enter the cell upon depolarisation

Name an alpha-1 blocker. - Answer Doxazosin

Name three organic nitrates. - Answer Glyceryl Trinitrate, Hydralazine and Isosorbide Mononitrate

What is the mechanism of action of oral nitrates? - Answer - Metabolised into nitric oxide

  • Increases the production of cGMP in smooth muscle cells
  • Powerful vasodilation
  • Act on veins to decrease pre-load
  • Higher concentrations can act on arteries to decrease after load
  • Act on collateral coronary vessels to improve distribution to ischaemic areas

Name a potassium channel agonist. - Answer Nicorandil

What is the mechanism of action of Nicorandil? - Answer - Activates potassium channels

  • Causing hyper polarisation of vascular smooth muscle
  • Also has nitrovasodilator actions
  • Both and arterial and venous dilator

What are the side-effects of Nicorandil? - Answer - Headaches

  • Flushing
  • Dizziness

Name two unclassified anti-anginals. - Answer Ivabradine and Ranolazine

What is the mechanism of action of Ivabradine? - Answer - Inhibits 'funny' f-type channels in the heart

  • Reducing cardiac pacemaker activity
  • Decreasing heart rate

Name a Loop Diuretic. - Answer Furosemide

What is the mechanism of action of Furosemide? - Answer - Inhibits the Na+ transporter in the thick ascending loop

  • Inhibiting the re-absorption of sodium and therefore water.

What are the side-effects of Furosemide? - Answer - Gout

  • Hyperkalemia
  • Increased Blood Glucose

Name the cardiac glycoside that is derived from the foxglove plant. - Answer Digoxin

What is the mechanism of action of digoxin? - Answer - Increased vagal efferent activity to the heart

  • Decreasing SA node activity and conduction velocity in the AV node

Name an alpha receptor antagonist. - Answer Adenosine

What is the mechanism of action of the alpha receptor antagonist? - Answer - Agonist of the alpha-1 receptors of the AV node

  • Decreases pacemaker activity

Name a short acting beta-adrenoreceptor agonist. - Answer Salbutamol

Name a long acting beta-adrenoreceptor agonist. - Answer Salmeterol

What is the mechanism of action of beta-agonists? - Answer - Stimulates beta-adrenoreceptors in smooth muscle

  • Causing relaxation
  • The bronchi dilate

What are the side-effects of a beta-adrenoreceptor agonist? - Answer

  • Tremor
  • Tachycardia
  • Arrhythmia

Name two gulcocorticoids. - Answer Beclometasone and Budesonide

What is the mechanism of action of glucocorticoids? - Answer - Decrease formation of cytokines

  • Decrease generation of vasodilators
  • Decrease activation of eosinophils and other cells
  • Therefore is acting as an anti-inflammatory

Name a cysteinyl-leukotriene receptor antagonist. - Answer Montelukast

What is the mechanism of action of montelukast? - Answer - Antagonist the CysLT-1 receptors in the respiratory mucosa and infiltrating inflammatory cells

  • Can relax the airways
  • Reduce eosinophil migration and oedema

Name a Methylxanthine. - Answer Theophylline

What is the (speculated) mechanism of theophylline? - Answer - Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor

  • Increases the cyclic nucleotides in the cell
  • Smooth muscle relaxes

Name an anti-IgE treatment. - Answer Omalizumab

Name a short acting muscarinic antagonist. - Answer Ipratropium

  • Leading to unwanted inter- and intra-strand cross- linking
  • Meaning the DNA cannot unwind (N7 of guanine most common target) 2 - Can also lead to mis-pairing of G-T 3 - Alkylation of the N7 of guanine also destabalises the imidazole ring
  • The imidazole ring opens
  • The resulting damage of DNA triggers apoptosis of the cell

Name a nitrogen mustard. - Answer Cyclophosphamide

What is the mechanism of action of cyclophosphamide? - Answer - Metabolised by P

  • Forming acrolein and phosphoramide mustard

What are the side-effects of cyclophosphamide? - Answer - Haemorrhagic Cystitis (caused by acrolein)

  • Bone Marrow Depression
  • Vomiting and Nausea

What drug will reduce the effects of acrolein? - Answer Mesna

Name two Nitrosoureas. - Answer Lomustine and Carmustine

What are the side-effects of Nitrosourseas? - Answer - Severe bone marrow depression beginning 3-6 weeks after the start of treatment

Name an alkylating agent that has a specific effect of the bone marrow. - Answer Busulfan

Name a platinum based compound. - Answer Cisplatin

What is the mechanism of action of Cisplatin? - Answer - Causes cross linking between the N7 and O6 of adjacent guanine molecules

  • Leads to the local denaturation of the DNA chain

What are the classes of antimetabolites? - Answer Antifolates, Antipyrimidines and Antipurines

What is the mode of action of the antimetabolites? - Answer - Interfere with the enzymes involved with cell metabolism

  • Affect the synthesis of nucleic acids and therefore DNA

Name an Antifolate. - Answer Methotrexate

What is the mechanism of action of Methotrexate? - Answer - Acts as a competitive inhibitor for dihydrofolate reductase

What is the mechanism of action of Mercaptopurine? - Answer - Converted into a 'fraudulent nucleotide' 6-mercaptopurine-ribose phosphate

  • Inhibits a number of enzymes involved with the production of purines (guanine and adenine)

What is the mechanism of action of Fludarabine? - Answer - Converted into its triphosphate form

  • Inhibits DNA polymerase

Name four cytotoxic antibodies. - Answer Doxorubicin, Dactinomycin, Bleomycin and Mitomycin

What is the mode of action of cytotoxic antibodies? - Answer - Directly effect the DNA

  • Inhibiting its replication or fragmenting it

To what class does Doxorubicin belong? - Answer Anthracycline

What is the mechanism of action of Doxorubicin? - Answer 1 - Binds directly to DNA

  • Inhibiting both DNA and RNA synthesis 2 - Intercalated in the DNA
  • Stabilises the DNA-topoisomerase II complex
  • Halting DNA replication at the 'swivel' after the DNA

strands have been 'nicked'

What is the mechanism of action of Dactinomycin? - Answer 1 - Intercalated into DNA between adjacent C and G nucleotides

  • Interfering with the movement of RNA polymerase along the strand
  • Preventing transcription 2 - May also have similar effect as Doxorubicin on topoisomerase II

What is the mechanism of action of Bleomycin? - Answer - Oxidise iron to form superoxide and/or hydroxyl radicals

  • Which degrades preformed DNA and fragments it
  • Most effective in the G2 phase of the cell cycle

What is the mechanism of action of Mitomycin? - Answer 1 - Enzymically activated in the cells

  • Forming a bifunctional alkylating agent
  • Preferentially alkylating the O6 of guanine
  • Cross linking DNA (activated to give an alkylating agent) 2 - May also degrade DNA through the formation of free-radicals

to and inhibit topoisomerase I

  • Of which high levels are present throughout the cell cycle

What is the mechanism of action of Etoposide? - Answer - Not clearly known

  • May inhibit mitochondrial function, nucleoside transport and topoisomerase II

What is the mechanism of action of Tamoxifen? - Answer - Blocks the effects of oestrogen

What is the mechanism of action of Procarbazine? - Answer - Inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis

  • Interferes with mitosis

What is the mechanism of action of Hydroxycarbamide? - Answer - Inhibits ribonucleotide reductase

  • Inhibiting the formation of deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides

What is the mechanism of action of Amsacrine? - Answer - Inhibits topoisomerase II

What is the mechanism of Mitotane? - Answer - Inhibits the synthesis of adrenocortical steroids

What is the mechanism of Rituximab? - Answer - Inhibits a B-cell surface protein

What is the mechanism of Trastuzumab? - Answer - Inhibits the epidermal growth factor receptor

What is the mechanism of action of Imatinib? - Answer - Inhibits bcr-abl gene signalling pathways

Name two polyenes. - Answer Amphotericin and Nystatin

What is the mechanism of action of Polyenes? - Answer - They have a lipophilic and a lipophobic portion

  • The lipophilic portion dissolves in the fungal cell wall
  • This creates a large pore in the wall
  • The fungal cell undergoes lysis

Name three Echinocandins. - Answer Anidulafungin, Capsofungin and Micafungin

What is the mechanism of action of Echinocandins? - Answer - Inhibit beta-(1,3)-D-Glucan Synthase

  • Which is necessary for the maintenance of the structure of the cell wall
  • Causing lysis of the fungal cell

What are the main classes of beta-lactams? - Answer Penicillins, Glycoproteins, Cyclic Peptides, Carbapenems and Cephlasporins

What is the mode of action of the beta-lactams? - Answer - To inhibit synthesis of the bacterial cell wall

  • Causing lysis of the cell

Name two normal penicillins. - Answer Penicillin G and Penicillin V

Name five beta-lactamase resistant penicillins. - Answer Methicillin, Oxacilin, Nafcillin, Cloxacillin and Dicloxacillin

Name two broad spectrum penicillins. - Answer Ampicillin and Amoxicillin

Name four extended spectrum penicillins. - Answer Carbenicillin, Ticaracillin, Azocillin and Piperacillin

What is the mechanism of action of Penicillins? - Answer - Inhibit the transpeptidation enzyme

  • Preventing cross linkage of the peptide chains that make up the back bone of peptidoglycans
  • Inhibiting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall (Bacteriacidal)

Name two Glycoproteins. - Answer Vancomycin and Teicoplanin

What is the mechanism of action of Glycoproteins? - Answer - Specifically interact with D-Ala-D-Ala

  • Binding to the peptide chain
  • Interfering with the elongation of the peptidoglycan
  • Inhibiting synthesis of the bacterial cell wall

Name a Cyclic Peptide. - Answer Bacitracin

What is the mechanism of action of Bacitracin? - Answer - Interferes with the dephosphorylation of the lipid carrier

  • Prohibiting the transport of the cell wall component to the membrane
  • Inhibiting synthesis of the bacterial cell wall

What is the mechanism of action of Carbapenems? - Answer 1 - Prevent cross-linking of the peptidoglycans

  • Inhibiting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall 2 - Can also alkylate beta-lactamase rendering it inactive
  • Therefore they are resistant to beta-lactamase

Name two Cephlasporins. - Answer Cefotaxime and Cefadroxil

What is the mechanism of action of Cephlasporins? - Answer - Similar