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A series of questions and answers related to the mechanisms of action and side effects of various drugs. It covers several drug classes, including ace inhibitors, arbs, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, nitrates, and more. Each question focuses on identifying the drug, explaining its mechanism of action, and listing its side effects. This format is useful for students studying pharmacology or preparing for exams, offering a concise review of essential drug information. Structured to facilitate quick learning and memorization of key pharmacological concepts, making it a valuable resource for medical and pharmacy students. It also includes information on anti-cancer drugs and their mechanisms.
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Name two ACE inhibitors. - Answer Ramipril and Lisinopril What is the mechanism of action of Ramipril? - Answer - Inhibits angiotensin conversion enzyme
release of renin
Name an alpha-1 blocker. - Answer Doxazosin
Name three organic nitrates. - Answer Glyceryl Trinitrate, Hydralazine and Isosorbide Mononitrate
What is the mechanism of action of oral nitrates? - Answer - Metabolised into nitric oxide
Name a potassium channel agonist. - Answer Nicorandil
What is the mechanism of action of Nicorandil? - Answer - Activates potassium channels
What are the side-effects of Nicorandil? - Answer - Headaches
Name two unclassified anti-anginals. - Answer Ivabradine and Ranolazine
What is the mechanism of action of Ivabradine? - Answer - Inhibits 'funny' f-type channels in the heart
Name a Loop Diuretic. - Answer Furosemide
What is the mechanism of action of Furosemide? - Answer - Inhibits the Na+ transporter in the thick ascending loop
What are the side-effects of Furosemide? - Answer - Gout
Name the cardiac glycoside that is derived from the foxglove plant. - Answer Digoxin
What is the mechanism of action of digoxin? - Answer - Increased vagal efferent activity to the heart
Name an alpha receptor antagonist. - Answer Adenosine
What is the mechanism of action of the alpha receptor antagonist? - Answer - Agonist of the alpha-1 receptors of the AV node
Name a short acting beta-adrenoreceptor agonist. - Answer Salbutamol
Name a long acting beta-adrenoreceptor agonist. - Answer Salmeterol
What is the mechanism of action of beta-agonists? - Answer - Stimulates beta-adrenoreceptors in smooth muscle
What are the side-effects of a beta-adrenoreceptor agonist? - Answer
Name two gulcocorticoids. - Answer Beclometasone and Budesonide
What is the mechanism of action of glucocorticoids? - Answer - Decrease formation of cytokines
Name a cysteinyl-leukotriene receptor antagonist. - Answer Montelukast
What is the mechanism of action of montelukast? - Answer - Antagonist the CysLT-1 receptors in the respiratory mucosa and infiltrating inflammatory cells
Name a Methylxanthine. - Answer Theophylline
What is the (speculated) mechanism of theophylline? - Answer - Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor
Name an anti-IgE treatment. - Answer Omalizumab
Name a short acting muscarinic antagonist. - Answer Ipratropium
Name a nitrogen mustard. - Answer Cyclophosphamide
What is the mechanism of action of cyclophosphamide? - Answer - Metabolised by P
What are the side-effects of cyclophosphamide? - Answer - Haemorrhagic Cystitis (caused by acrolein)
What drug will reduce the effects of acrolein? - Answer Mesna
Name two Nitrosoureas. - Answer Lomustine and Carmustine
What are the side-effects of Nitrosourseas? - Answer - Severe bone marrow depression beginning 3-6 weeks after the start of treatment
Name an alkylating agent that has a specific effect of the bone marrow. - Answer Busulfan
Name a platinum based compound. - Answer Cisplatin
What is the mechanism of action of Cisplatin? - Answer - Causes cross linking between the N7 and O6 of adjacent guanine molecules
What are the classes of antimetabolites? - Answer Antifolates, Antipyrimidines and Antipurines
What is the mode of action of the antimetabolites? - Answer - Interfere with the enzymes involved with cell metabolism
Name an Antifolate. - Answer Methotrexate
What is the mechanism of action of Methotrexate? - Answer - Acts as a competitive inhibitor for dihydrofolate reductase
What is the mechanism of action of Mercaptopurine? - Answer - Converted into a 'fraudulent nucleotide' 6-mercaptopurine-ribose phosphate
What is the mechanism of action of Fludarabine? - Answer - Converted into its triphosphate form
Name four cytotoxic antibodies. - Answer Doxorubicin, Dactinomycin, Bleomycin and Mitomycin
What is the mode of action of cytotoxic antibodies? - Answer - Directly effect the DNA
To what class does Doxorubicin belong? - Answer Anthracycline
What is the mechanism of action of Doxorubicin? - Answer 1 - Binds directly to DNA
strands have been 'nicked'
What is the mechanism of action of Dactinomycin? - Answer 1 - Intercalated into DNA between adjacent C and G nucleotides
What is the mechanism of action of Bleomycin? - Answer - Oxidise iron to form superoxide and/or hydroxyl radicals
What is the mechanism of action of Mitomycin? - Answer 1 - Enzymically activated in the cells
to and inhibit topoisomerase I
What is the mechanism of action of Etoposide? - Answer - Not clearly known
What is the mechanism of action of Tamoxifen? - Answer - Blocks the effects of oestrogen
What is the mechanism of action of Procarbazine? - Answer - Inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis
What is the mechanism of action of Hydroxycarbamide? - Answer - Inhibits ribonucleotide reductase
What is the mechanism of action of Amsacrine? - Answer - Inhibits topoisomerase II
What is the mechanism of Mitotane? - Answer - Inhibits the synthesis of adrenocortical steroids
What is the mechanism of Rituximab? - Answer - Inhibits a B-cell surface protein
What is the mechanism of Trastuzumab? - Answer - Inhibits the epidermal growth factor receptor
What is the mechanism of action of Imatinib? - Answer - Inhibits bcr-abl gene signalling pathways
Name two polyenes. - Answer Amphotericin and Nystatin
What is the mechanism of action of Polyenes? - Answer - They have a lipophilic and a lipophobic portion
Name three Echinocandins. - Answer Anidulafungin, Capsofungin and Micafungin
What is the mechanism of action of Echinocandins? - Answer - Inhibit beta-(1,3)-D-Glucan Synthase
What are the main classes of beta-lactams? - Answer Penicillins, Glycoproteins, Cyclic Peptides, Carbapenems and Cephlasporins
What is the mode of action of the beta-lactams? - Answer - To inhibit synthesis of the bacterial cell wall
Name two normal penicillins. - Answer Penicillin G and Penicillin V
Name five beta-lactamase resistant penicillins. - Answer Methicillin, Oxacilin, Nafcillin, Cloxacillin and Dicloxacillin
Name two broad spectrum penicillins. - Answer Ampicillin and Amoxicillin
Name four extended spectrum penicillins. - Answer Carbenicillin, Ticaracillin, Azocillin and Piperacillin
What is the mechanism of action of Penicillins? - Answer - Inhibit the transpeptidation enzyme
Name two Glycoproteins. - Answer Vancomycin and Teicoplanin
What is the mechanism of action of Glycoproteins? - Answer - Specifically interact with D-Ala-D-Ala
Name a Cyclic Peptide. - Answer Bacitracin
What is the mechanism of action of Bacitracin? - Answer - Interferes with the dephosphorylation of the lipid carrier
What is the mechanism of action of Carbapenems? - Answer 1 - Prevent cross-linking of the peptidoglycans
Name two Cephlasporins. - Answer Cefotaxime and Cefadroxil
What is the mechanism of action of Cephlasporins? - Answer - Similar