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Measurement and types, Lecture notes of Research Methodology

Measurement and types Types of Measuremenr

Typology: Lecture notes

2022/2023

Uploaded on 10/15/2023

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Introduction to Measurement
Measurement refers to the process of engaging numerals to events, objects, etc. according to certain rules.
Tyler (1963) defines “measurement as assignment of numerals, according to rules “
-It gives some quantitative meaning
-The investigator assigned numbers, not by his own choice but according to certain fixed and explicit rules.
-Rules are the procedures to transform qualities of attributes into numbers.
-Social science research follows a standardized procedure or mechanism, as is followed in the physical
sciences. When a scale is applied on a person, it gives us a number (or symbol) on his attitude, IQ,
interest, emotional stability, motivation, and so on. It follows, then, that a measurement operation is
always a standardized way of proceeding, which may or may not make use of mechanical devices or
stimuli, but which always results in classification of the objects measured into some non-overlapping
categorie labelled by numerals, or simply by symbols
-Like to measure the extroversion trait of personality or the intelligence of a child. Obviously, in such
situation the rules would not be clear. For measuring any psychological, sociological and educational
attributes the rules are generally vague and less explicit.
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Introduction to Measurement

Measurement refers to the process of engaging numerals to events, objects, etc. according to certain rules. Tyler (1963) defines “measurement as assignment of numerals, according to rules “

  • It gives some quantitative meaning
  • The investigator assigned numbers, not by his own choice but according to certain fixed and explicit rules.
  • (^) Rules are the procedures to transform qualities of attributes into numbers.
  • (^) Social science research follows a standardized procedure or mechanism, as is followed in the physical sciences. When a scale is applied on a person, it gives us a number (or symbol) on his attitude, IQ, interest, emotional stability, motivation, and so on. It follows, then, that a measurement operation is always a standardized way of proceeding, which may or may not make use of mechanical devices or stimuli, but which always results in classification of the objects measured into some non-overlapping categorie labelled by numerals, or simply by symbols
  • (^) Like – to measure the extroversion trait of personality or the intelligence of a child. Obviously, in such situation the rules would not be clear. For measuring any psychological, sociological and educational attributes the rules are generally vague and less explicit.

Introduction to

Measurement

  • (^) Measurement is always concerned with certain attributes or features of the object. It is these features or attributes of the object which are measured and not the object itself. For eg., we measure the aptitude, intelligence or attitude of the person and not the person himself.
  • (^) Numerical are used to represent the quatities of the attribute. Quantification indicates how much or to what extent that particular attribute is present in a particular object. For eg, when the investigator is measuring the achievement of a child in certain subject, he will quantifies it by saying that the child has 80% marks , or 80 percentile
  • (^) Measurement is different from its so-called synonym ‘evaluation’. By evaluation it means a process wherein the parts, processes or outcomes of a programme are examined to see whether they are satisfactory.

Sources of Error

  • (^) (c) Measurer: The interviewer can distort responses by rewording or reordering questions. His behaviour, style and looks may encourage or discourage certain replies from respondents. Careless mechanical processing may distort the findings. Errors may also creep in because of incorrect coding, faulty tabulation and/or statistical calculations, particularly in the data-analysis stage.
  • (^) (d) Instrument: Error may arise because of the defective measuring instrument. The use of complex words, beyond the comprehension of the respondent, ambiguous meanings, poor printing, inadequate space for replies, response choice omissions, etc. are a few things that make the measuring instrument defective and may result in measurement errors. Another type of instrument deficiency is the poor sampling of the universe of items of concern.

General Problems of

Measurement

  • (^) Indirectness of Measurement:
  • (^) Incompleteness of Measurement
  • (^) Relativity of Measurement

Psychological Testing and

Assessment Defined

  • (^) We define psychological assessment as the gathering and integration of

psychology - related data for the purpose of making a psychological

evaluation that is accomplished through the use of tools such as tests,

interviews, case studies, behavioral observation, and specially designed

apparatuses and measurement procedures.

  • (^) We define psychological testing as the process of measuring psychology-

related variables by means of devices or procedures designed to obtain a

sample of behavior

  • (^) Psychological tests are standard measure devised to assess behavior

objectively and used by psychologist to help people make decision about

their lives and understand more about themselves.

Characteristics

  • (^) Psychological tests have a wide range of applications and are utilized in various settings, including therapeutic, counseling, industrial, and organizational settings and forensic settings. It can be used to diagnose psychiatric illnesses in a therapeutic setting, and Beck's depression inventory, for example, can aid in diagnosing depression.
  • (^) It may be utilized in counseling to make career selections and understand one's aptitude and interests. In this context, tests such as the Differential Aptitude Test, Career Preference Record, and Vocational Interest Inventory can be employed.
  • (^) Psychological examinations may also be utilized in industrial and organizational settings for employee selection and to analyze stress- related difficulties, among other things.

Characteristics

  • (^) Psychological tests can also be used in forensic psychology to determine an individual's psychological condition. Thus, psychological tests may be used to assess a variety of psychological entities such as intellect, personality, creativity, interest, aptitude, attitude values, and so on.
  • (^) Psychological tests also assess internet addiction, resilience, mental health, psychological well-being, perceived parental behavior, family environment, and so on.
  • (^) tests are used can yield psycho-educationally meaningful information if their results are differentially perceived

Types of tests

  • (^) Standardized test : means uniformity of procedures in scoring, administering and interpreting the results. It is a test that is administered and scored in a consistent or standard manner. Tools to measure interests, aptitude, intelligence, personality etc
  • Non-standardized test: is an informal assessment that test conductor might conduct to see where a child’s strengths and abilities are as as well as highlight difficulties. They are case study, interview, rating scales, questionnaire, observation, biography, records etc
  • (^) Objective test – it requires the respondent to make a particular response to a structure set of instructions like for eg, yes/no, true/false….
  • (^) Projective test – is given in an ambigious context in order to afford the respondent an opportunity to impose his or her own interpretation in answering. The subject are to project their own emotions, attitudes etc onto the stimulus given and then use these projections to explain the stimulus.