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A comprehensive overview of the internal combustion engine, covering its fundamental components, operation, and maintenance. It includes detailed explanations of the four-stroke cycle, fuel systems, cooling systems, ignition systems, drive systems, braking systems, and emissions control systems. The document also features a series of questions and answers that test the reader's understanding of the concepts discussed.
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Mixture of Gas and Air
(the fuel mixture)
What does the Internal Combustion engine burn?
What are the 4 strokes that make up a cycle?
(in car engine)
Intake
This valve opens as the connecting rod pulls the piston down, drawing the gas/air mix into the cylinder
Compression
The valves are closed. The connecting rod pushes the piston up, compressing gas/air mix
Power
The spar plug ignites the gas/air mix, forcing the piston down. That pushes down on the connecting rod, turning the crankshaft; the crankshaft turns the flywheel, which keeps the engine going
Exhaust
The ___ valve opens as the connecting rod moves the piston back up, pushing out the exploded gases. The valves are times, of course, using pus rods attached to the camshaft.
Inline
The name for cylinders that are arranged in one row
The name for cylinders that are arranged in two rows
Four-stroke, one-cycle engine
Most people refer to engines as four-cycle engines but this is false; what are they really called?
Tachometer
Instrument in a vehicle the measures revolutions per minute; rpm
(e.g. when this displays 4,800 rpm, that means the engine is performing 4,800 cycles every minute)
Throttle
___ is mechanically connected to the carburetor
OR
___ is electronically connected to the EFI computer
Advancing (opening) the throttle causes more fuel to be transferred to the carburetor or the fuel injectors. The accelerator (gas pedal) is connected to the throttle by mechanical linkages. The harder you push on the gas pedal, the farther the throttle is advanced (opened). Thus, more fuel is transported to the carburetor or fuel injectors.
What does a Throttle do?
Cooling system
What does the engine have because of the high temperature at which fuel burns?
Water Jackets
Water Pump
Radiator
What are the 3 components of the engine's cooling system?
Water jackets
These surround the parts of the engine that reach the highest temperatures
(engine cooling system)
Water Pump
This circulates water through the water jackets
(engine cooling system)
Radiator
(engine cooling system)
While the water circulates, it absorbs heat from the engine and then passes through the ___, where outside air cools the water.
Antifreeze
___ (a coolant) raises the boiling point of water (which keeps water from boiling away) and lowers its freezing point (which keeps the system from freezing up during cold weather)
Antifreeze
___ is usually mixed with the water in an engine cooling system
Oil Pump
A ___ circulates oil through the engine; oil flows through the crankshaft and connecting rods, lubricating it as it goes.
Distributer
After leaving the coil, the current then passes through ___, an electrical/mechanical switching device; controls the timing of the spark-plug discharges
(ignition system, older cars)
Breaker points
A rotating shaft and a switch within the distributer that routes the current through wires to the spark plugs
(ignition system, older cars)
Condenser
This absorbs excess current and protects the breaker points from the damage by the high-voltage surge
Solid-state electronics controlled by a computer
In modern ignition systems, the distributer, coil, breaker points, and condenser have been replaced by what?
Computer
A ___ controls the ignition system and adjusts it to provide maximum efficiency in a variety of driving conditions
Drive System
Transfers the power of the engine to the wheels, making them move
Axle
The shaft on which the wheels revolve
Universal Joint
Allows the axle to move up and down without breaking the drive shaft
Drive Shaft
The connecting component that carries torque and transmits rotation
Gears
These are located on the axle and allow the vehicle to make turns
Axle shafts
These turn the wheels
The ___ changes the speed of the engine in relation to the speed of the ___ wheels in front-wheel drive.
Transmission
All
The ___ changes the speed of the engine in relation to the speed of ___ the wheels in all-wheel drive.
Automatic
Manual (stick shift)
2 types of transmission
Transmission
Consists of gears in several combinations so that the amount of torque used can vary according to the needs
Torque
The force that produces rotation (of wheels)
More
When the terrain is difficult (as in snow), the wheels need ___ torque in order to move.
Torque Converter
In an automatic transmission, this automatically varies the amount of torque supplied
Clutch
Found in manual transmission, this disconnects the engine from the drive shaft in order to change to a different gear (torque).
Also allows the engine to run when the car isn't moving
Brake
Device found on each wheel that applies friction to the wheel to stop its rotation
Master cylinder
Brake lines
Brake pedal
Drum brakes &/or Disc brakes
Components of a Brake system
Brake lines
Run from the master cylinder, these are filled with brake fluid
Brake pedal
Uses pads that pinch a rotating disc
Emissions-control systems
System placed on cars to prevent pollutants (partially combusted fuel/unburned fuel) from poisoning the atmosphere
Positive-crankcase ventilation
Air-injection system
Catalytic converter
Exhaust-gas-recirculation system
Components of Emission-control systems
Positive-crankcase ventilation
An old method (still in use) that forces unburned or partially burned fuel back into the cylinder so the fuel can be burned
Air-injection system
System that forces air into the engine's exhaust system to burn unburned or partially burned fuel before the fuel comes out the exhaust pipe
Catalytic converter
Oxidizes hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide into water vapor and carbon dioxide; this system doesn't control other types of pollutants such as nitrogen oxides
Exhaust-gas-recirculation system
Helps control nitrogen-oxide emissions by forcing some of the gases back into the cylinders
Striking Tools
Tools that apply driving force to an object
Hammer
Mallet
Sledge
3 Striking tools
Hammer
A striking tool that consists of a handle, a head, a face (part of tool that touches the nail or fastener), a claw (to pull nails), and a wedge that attaches the head to the handle.
Mallet
A striking tool that is used to strike another tool or to strike a surface without damaging it.
Open-end wrenches
Box wrenches
Socket wrenches
Torque wrenches
Pipe wrenches
5 types of Wrenches
Open-end wrenches
These wrenches have open jaws
Box wrenches
These wrenches are closed.
(Some have open-end jaws on one end but this type of wrench on the other)
Socket wrenches
These wrenches have box-type sockets of varying sizes that can be attached to a handle, which in turn can be attached to an extension.
Socket wrenches
Box wrenches
Open-end wrenches
3 types of wrenches that come in set, standard sizes (either in inches or in mm); they are not interchangeable
Torque wrenches
These wrenches apply additional leverage to a fastener. These wrenches look like a socket wrench but have additional internal mechanisms designed to measure and limit the amount of torque (force) being applied.
Pipe wrenches
These wrenches have serrated jaws and grip round objects.
Screwdrivers
A fastening tool that turns screws
Standard screwdriver
Phillips screwdriver
Allen wrench
Offset screwdriver
4 types of Screwdrivers
Standard screwdriver
Cutting
5 types of Pliers
Long-nose or needle-nose
These pliers have tapered jaws that can hold small objects or fit into small spaces
Curved-nose pliers
These pliers have curved jaws
Slip-joint pliers
These pliers can be adjusted so the handles lock in a certain position
Wrench or vise-grip pliers
These pliers have serrated jaws that clamp onto and hold objects of all shapes
Cutting pliers
These pliers are used to cut wire
Cutting Tools
These tools use sharp blades to cut through metal, wood, or other materials; have teeth
Fewer
A saw with ___ teeth is used for rough work, like cutting wood to size.
More
A saw with ___ teeth cuts more finely and is used for more delicate work, like sawing joints and lightweight pieces of wood
Bolt cutters
Circle snips
Crosscut saw
Coping saw
Hacksaw
Pipe cutters and tube cutters
Ripsaw
Snips and shears
8 types of Cutting tools
Bolt cutters
A cutting tool; heavy-duty shears the produce enough force when the handles are closed to slice through metal bolts or rods
