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Metabolic Nutrition - Anatomy and Physiology - Slides |, Study notes of Physiology

College of Central FloridaPhysiology

Chapter 25 Material Type: Notes; Class: Anatomy & Physiology; Subject: Biology / Biological Sciences; University: Central Florida Community College; Term: Forever 1989;

Typology: Study notes

2009/2010

Uploaded on 11/13/2010

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cuteypatutty 🇺🇸

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Slide 1
Metabolism and Nutrition
Slide 2
Metabolic Reactions
• Metabolism= the sum of all chemical
reactions that occur in the body
• Two types of metabolic reactions
• 1. Catabolism-
– breaks down
– Produces
• 2. Anabolism-
– combines
– Consumes
Slide 3
Catabolism
• Examples:
• 1. Glycolysis
• 2. Kreb’s cycle
• 3. Electron transport chain
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Download Metabolic Nutrition - Anatomy and Physiology - Slides | and more Study notes Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!

Metabolism and Nutrition

Slide 2

Metabolic Reactions

  • Metabolism= the sum of all chemical

reactions that occur in the body

  • Two types of metabolic reactions
    1. Catabolism-
    • breaks down
    • Produces
    1. Anabolism-
    • combines
    • Consumes

Slide 3

Catabolism

  • Examples:
    1. Glycolysis
    1. Kreb’s cycle
    1. Electron transport chain

Anabolism

  • Examples
    1. Protein synthesis
    1. building fatty acids
    1. Glycogen synthesis

Slide 5 Coupling of Catabolism and

Anabolism by ATP

  • ATP= the most frequently used -
  • Catabolic reactions
    • produce
  • Anabolic reactions
    • spend
  • 539

Slide 6

Energy Transfer

  • Two important components of energy

transfer:

    1. Oxidation-Reduction reactions
    1. ATP generation

Carbohydrate Metabolism

  • Polysaccharides and disaccharides

  • Liver converts most fructose and

galactose

  • to glucose.

Slide 11

Fate of Glucose

  • Body’s preferred source
    • for
  • Amino acid synthesis

  • Glycogen synthesis=

  • Triglyceride synthesis: When glycogen storage areas are used up, - liver converts glucose - that may be used - Triglycerides

Slide 12

How does Glucose enter cells?

  • By secondary active transport

    • in the GIT and kidney tubules

  • By facilitated diffusion

    • of GluT4 transporters in plasma membrane increases in response to insulin

  • By facilitated diffusion at GluT transporters
    • GluT transporters do not increase in number in response to insulin in hepatocytes and neurons

Cellular Respiration

  • The oxidation of glucose
    • to produce
  • Includes four sets of reactions:
    1. Glycolysis
    1. Formation of acetyl CoA
    1. Kreb’s Cycle
    1. Electron transport chain 540

Slide 14

Glycolysis

  • 1 molecule Glucose 
  • Results in 541
  • Requires – a series of 10 reactions 542
  • Does not require O2.
  • Occurs in the cytosol – when phosphofructokinase activity is high
    • – Key regulator of the rate of glycolysisHigh when levels of ADP are high
    • – When ADP is low, most glucose is converted to glycogen542.

Slide 15

Fate of Pyruvic Acid

  • Depends on

  • When O2 is low,

  • When O2 is high,
    • acetyl CoA is produced.
    • 543

Electron transport Chain

  • Pumps H+

ATP is produced . Chemiosmosis- links chemical reactions (passage of electrons along electron transport chain) with. 547

Slide 20

Electron transport Chain continued

  • Uses several types of molecules
    • including cytochromes, CoQ, and FMN
  • Ultimately transfers electrons
    • to 548
  • Cellular respiration of one molecule of

glucose

  • ultimately produces

Slide 21

Other fates of Glucose

    1. used for synthesis of glycogen
    1. Produced by breakdown of proteins

and lipids

Glycogenesis and Glycogenolyis

  • Excess glucose in liver and muscle cells
    • is stored
  • Insulin stimulates
    • 549
  • Glucose may be released from glycogen
    • when ATP is needed.
  • Glucagon and epinephrine

Slide 23

Gluconeogenesis

  • Formation of glucose

  • Occurs when liver is low

  • Glycerol portion of triglycerides, lactic acid and certain amino acids -
  • Stimulated by

Slide 24

Lipid Metabolism

  • Transport of lipids by lipoproteins
    • Since lipids do not dissolve in water,
    • Lipoproteins= spherical particles
    • with an outer shell of …
    • surrounding an inner core of -. 551

Slide 28 Sources and Significance of

Cholesterol

Most cholesterol is made by the liver

but, …

Cholesterol is necessary

for …

Cholesterol is necessary

for synthesis of ….

As total cholesterol levels increase,

the risk …

Slide 29

Fate of Lipids

    1. oxidized
    1. Stored
    1. used to synthesize other substances
      • eg.
  • Note: Two essential fatty acids the body can not synthesize are linoleic and linolenic acid. They must be provided in foods.

Slide 30

Triglyceride storage

  • Stored as adipose tissue
  • 98% of all body energy reserves

Lipolysis

  • Stimulated by
  • Triglycerides
  • Occurs in
  • Generates more ATP than glycolysis

Slide 32

Fate of glycerol and Fatty acids

  • Glycerol may be used to produce glucose
    • or
  • Fatty acids may undergo beta oxidation to produce acetyl CoA - which may be used by liver cells
  • Fatty acids, alternatively, may undergo beta oxidation - and enter the Kreb’s cycle. 552

Slide 33

Lipogenesis

  • Occurs in

  • Stimulated by

  • Lipids are synthesized from

Protein Anabolism

  • Formation of peptide bonds

  • Occurs on

Slide 38 Summary of the roles of key

molecules in metabolic pathways

  • Three Key molecules 554
    1. glucose 6 phosphate
    1. Pyruvic acid
    1. Acetyl CoA
  • Fates of these molecules
    • depend on….

Slide 39

Metabolic Adaptations

  • Metabolism depends on how much time

has passed since the last meal

  • Absorptive State:
  • nutrients entering bloodstream -.
  • Given 3 meals per day, absorptive state...
  • Insulin effects predominate.

Insulin effects

  • Stimulates

  • Decreases

  • Promotes entry of glucose and amino acids

  • Stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen

  • Stimulates synthesis of triglycerides

  • Stimulates protein synthesis -.

Slide 41

Postabsorptive State

  • Energy needs must be met •.
  • Maintaining a steady level of blood glucose is critical because the nervous system and RBC’s can only safely use glucose for energy. – Fatty acids can not pass blood/brain barrier
  • Glucagon, epinephrine and norepinephrine effects predominate
  • Gycogenolysis and lipolysis provide most energy needs.

Slide 42

Fasting and Starvation

  • Many body cells turn to
  • Ketone body production increases 556
  • By the second day of a fast, the level of fatty acids has risen

Slide 46 Factors that increase heat

production and metabolic rate

    1. Exercise
    1. Thyroid hormone
    1. Stress
    1. Fever
    1. Ingestion of food
    1. Youth

Slide 47

Mechanisms of heat loss

  • Conduction

  • Convection

  • Radiation
    • (transfer of heat to distant objects)
  • Evaporation (conversion of liquid to vapor loses heat. ) ***Sweat that drips off vs evaporation loses little heat.

Slide 48 How does the body control its

thermostat?

  • Control center in brain=

  • Two Parts:
    • Heat promoting center
    • Heat losing center
  • If core temperature declines, heat promoting center responds by: 557 - causing vasoconstriction in skin - – Causing release of norepinephrine and epinephrineCausing shivering

Slide 49 How does the body regulate food

intake?

  • When energy content of food= energy used by cells of the body,
  • Energy intake depends on amount of food consumed
  • Many factors affect food intake
  • Control center in brain = hypothalamus

Slide 50

Nutrition

  • Six main types of nutrients:
    • Water,
  • Body uses nutrients for growth

maintenance and repair.

Slide 51

Guidelines for healthy eating

  • Eat a – 558
  • Maintain
  • Choose foods
  • Eat plenty of
  • Use sugars –
  • Use salt and sodium
  • If you drink alcohol,