Download Metabolism and Homeostasis: Understanding the Body's Chemical Processes and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
A&P lecture exam One Latest Edition
- what name is given to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells? - ✔✔metabolism is the term that encompasses all the chemical reactions that occur in body cells.
- why is it necessary to be in a pressurized cabin when flying at 30,000ft? - ✔✔in flight, the cabin must be pressurized because the atmosphere is thinner at high altitudes and the amount of oxygen entering the blood under such conditions may be insufficient to maintain life.
- what process allows us to adjust to either extreme heat or extreme cold? - ✔✔negative feedback mechanisms allow us to adjust to conditions outside the normal temperature range by causing heat to be lost from the body (in hot conditions) and retained and generated by the body (in cold conditions)
- when we begin to get dehydrated, we usually get thirsty which causes us to drink fluids. is thirst part of a negative or positive feedback control system? - ✔✔thirst is a part of a negative feedback control system because it prods us to drink which ends the thirst stimulus and returns body fluid volume to normal range.
- why is the control mechanism shown in fig 1.6 called a positive feedback system? what event ends it? - ✔✔this is a positive feedback because it enhances the change (formation of a platelet plug) set into motion by the stimulus (damage to the blood vessel) the response ends when the platelet plug has plugged the hole in the blood vessel.
- what is the anatomical position? why is it important that you learn this position? - ✔✔the position in which a person is standing erect with feet slightly separated and palms facing anteriorly. knowing the anatomical position is important because directional terms refer to the body as if it were in this position.
- the axillary and acromial regions are both in the general area of the shoulder. where specifically is each located? - ✔✔axillary region is the armpit. acromial area is the tip of the shoulder.
- what type of cut would separate the brain into anterior and posterior parts? - ✔✔a frontal (coronal) section would separate the brain into anterior and posterior parts.
- joe went to the emergency room where he complained of severe pains in the lower right quadrant of his abdomen. what might be his problem? - ✔✔he may have appendicitis if the pain is in the lower right quadrant of his abdomen. 10.of the uterus, small intestine, spinal cord. and heart, which is/are in the dorsal body cavity? - ✔✔of these organs, only the spinal cord is in the dorsal body cavity. 11.when you rub your cold hands together, the friction between them results in heat that warms your hands. why doesn't warming friction result during movements of the heart, lungs and digestive organs? - ✔✔as moble organs (heart,lungs,digestive organs) work, friction is greatly reduced by the presence of serious fluid. serious fluid allows the surrounding serious membranes to glide easily over one another.
16.in (a)-(e), a directional term [e.g. distal in (a)] is followed by terms indicating different body structures or locations (e.g. the elbow/the wrist) in each case choose the structure or organ that matches the given directional term. a) distal: the elbow/the wrist b) lateral: the hip bone/the umbilicus c) superior: the nose/the chin d) anterior: the toes/the heel e) superficial: the scalp the skull - ✔✔a)wrist 17.assume that the body has been sectioned along 3 planes: (1)a median plane (2) a frontal plane (3) a transverse plane 18.made at the level of each of the organs listed below. which organs would be visible in only one or two of these 3? a) urinary bladder b) brain c) lungs d)kidneys e) small intestine f) heart - ✔✔neither c nor d would be visible in the median section 19.relate each of the following conditions or statements to either the dorsal body cavity or the ventral body cavity. a) surrounded by the bony skull and the vertebral column b) includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities c) contains the brain and spinal cord d) contains the heart, lungs, and digestive organs - ✔✔a)dorsal b)ventral
c)dorsal d)ventral 20.which of the following relationships is incorrect? a) visceral peritoneum/outer surface of small intestine b) parietal pericardium/outer surface of heart c) parietal pleura/wall of thoracic cavity - ✔✔b) b) parietal pericardium/outer surface of heart 21.which ventral cavity subdivision has no bony protection? a) thoracic cavity b) abdominal cavity c) pelvic cavity - ✔✔b) abdominal cavity 22.terms that apply to the backside of the body in the anatomical position include: a) ventral; anterior b) back;rear c) posterior;dorsal d) medial;lateral - ✔✔c) posterior;dorsal 23.what form of energy is found in the food we eat? - ✔✔foods contain chemical energy 24.what form of energy is used to transmit messages from one part of the body to another? - ✔✔electrical energy is the energy used by nerve cells to transmit messages in the body.
are not changed by their combination and they can be separated by physical means. 32.what kind of bonds form between molecules? - ✔✔hydrogen bonds(linking H of one water molecule to O of another) form between molecules. 33.oxygen (O) and argon (A) are both gases. oxygen combines readily with other elements, but argon does not. what accounts for the difference? - ✔✔argon's valence shell is fill: )2e)8e)8e hence it is not reactive 34.assume imaginary compound XY has a polar covalent bond. how does its charge distribution differ from that of XX molecules? - ✔✔electrons would spend more time in the vicinity of the more electronegative atom in XY whereas electrons in XX would orbit both X atoms to an equal extent 35.which reaction type---synthesis,decomposition, or exchange---occurs when fats are digested in your small intestine? - ✔✔fats are digested in the small intestine by decomposition reactions. 36.why are many reactions that occur in living systems irreversible for all intents and purposes? - ✔✔biochemical reactions inthe body tend to be irreversable because (a) one or more of the products is removed from the reactions sire or (b) the product is needed more than the reactants, so the cell would not provide energy to reverse the reaction. 37.what specific name is given to decomposition reactions in which food fuels are broken down for energy? - ✔✔decomposition reactions in which foods are broken down for energy are oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions.
38.water makes up for 60-80% of living matter. what property makes it an excellent solvent? - ✔✔water is an excellent solvent because of its polarity. as a dipole, it can orient itself to the end of other molecules causing them to dissociate or go into solution 39.salts are electrolytes. what does that mean? - ✔✔electrolytes are substances like salts that will conduct an electrical current in aqueous solution 40.which ion is responsible for increased acidity? - ✔✔H+ 41.to minimize the sharp pH shift that occurs when a stron acid is added to a solution, it is better to add a weak base or a strong base? why? - ✔✔it is better to add a weak base, which will act to buffer the strong acid 42.what are the monomers of carbohydrates called? which monomer is blood sugar? - ✔✔monomers of carbohydrates are called monosaccharides or simple sugars. glucose is blood sugar 43.what is the animal form of stored carbohydrates called? - ✔✔glycogen 44.how do triglycerides differ from phospholipids in body function and location? - ✔✔triglycerides, the major source of stored energy in the body, are composed of three fatty acid chains and glycerol molecule and are found in fat tissue. phospholipids consist of 2 fatty acid chains and a charged P containing group. they are found in all cell membranes and form the basis of those membranes.
52.what are2 important roles of DNA? - ✔✔DNA dictates protein structure by its base sequence and reproduces itself before a cell divides to ensure that the genetic information in the daughter cells is identical 53.glucose is an energy rich molecule. so why do body cells need ATP? - ✔✔ATP stores energy in smaller packets that are more readily released and transferred (during ATP hydrolysis) than the energy stored in glucose. hence the use of ATP as an energy source keeps energy waste to a maximum 54.what change occurs in ATP when it releases energy? - ✔✔when ATP releases energy it loses a phosphate group and becomes ADP (also energy rich) 55.which of the following forms of energy is the stimulus for vision? a) chemical b) electrical c)mechanical d)radiant - ✔✔d)radiant 56.all of the following are examples of the 4 major elements contributing to body mass except a)hydrogen b)carbon c)nitrogen d)sodium e)oxygen - ✔✔d)sodium
57.In what way does physiology depend on anatomy? - ✔✔the operation or function of a structure is promoted or prevented by its anatomy. for example, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the very thin membranes of the lungs but not across the skin. 58.would you be studying anatomy or physiology if you investigate how muscles shorten? if you explored the location of the lungs in the body? - ✔✔muscle shortening is a topic of physiology. the body location of the lungs is an anatomy topic. 59.what level of structural organization is typical of a cytologists field of study? - ✔✔Cytologists study the cellular level of organization. 60.what is the correct structural order for the following terms: tissue, organism,organ, cell? - ✔✔the order in the structural hierarchy is cell, tissue,organ,and organism. 61.which organ system includes the bones and cartilages? which includes the nasal cavity,lungs,and trachea? - ✔✔bones and cartilages are part of the skeletal system. the nasal cavity,lungs and trachea are respiratory system organs. 62.what separates living beings from nonliving objects? - ✔✔living organisms can maintain their boundaries, move, respond to environmental changes, digest nutrients,carry out metabolism,dispose of wastes,reproduce and grow. while inanimate objects may exhibit some of these properties, they do not exhibit all of them.
67.in the body,carbohydrates are stored in the form od a) glycogen b)starch c)cholesterol d)polypeptides - ✔✔a) glycogen 68.which of the following does not describe a mixture? a) properties of its components are retained b)chemical bonds are formed c)components can be separated physically d) includes both heterogeneous and homogeneous examples - ✔✔b)chemical bonds are formed 69.in a beaker of water, the water-water bonds can properly be called a)ionic bonds b)polar covalent bonds c)nonpolar covalent bonds d)hydrogen bonds - ✔✔d)hydrogen bonds 70.when a pair of electrons is shared between 2 atoms the bond formed is called a)a single covalent bond b) a double covalent bond c)a triple covalent bond d)an ionic bond - ✔✔a)a single covalent bond
71.molecules formed when electrons are shared unequally are a)salts b)polar molecules c)nonpolar molecules - ✔✔b)polar molecules 72.which of the following covalently bonded molecules are polar? a) H--Cl H | b) H--C--H | H H | c) Cl--C--Cl | Cl
d)sodium chloride - ✔✔d)sodium chloride 82.waters importance to living systems reflect a)its polarity and solvent properties b)its high heat capacity c)its high heat of vaporization d)its chemical reactivity e)all of these - ✔✔e)all of these 83.acids a)release hydroxyl ions when dissolved in water b)are proton acceptors c)cause the pH of a solution to rise d) release protons when dissolved in water - ✔✔d) release protons when dissolved in water 84.a chemist during the course of an analysis runs across a chemical composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen in the proportion 1:2:1 and having a 6 sided molecular shape. it is probably a) a pentose b) an amino acid c)a fatty acid d)a monosaccharide e)a nucleic acid - ✔✔d)a monosaccharide 85.a triglyceride consists of
a)glycerol +3 fatty acids b)a sugar-phosphate backbone to which two amino groups are attached c)2-several hexoses 86.d)amino acids that have been thoroughly saturated with hydrogen - ✔✔a)glycerol +3 fatty acids 87.a chemical has an amine groupand an organic acid group. it does not, however have any peptide bonds. it is a monosaccharide b)an amino acid c)a protein d)a fat - ✔✔b)an amino acid 88.the lipid(s) used as the basis of vitamin D, sex hormones, and bile salts is/are a)triglycerides b)cholesterol c)phospholipids d)prostaglandin - ✔✔b)cholesterol 89.enzymes are organic catalysts that a)alter the direction in which a chemical reaction proceeds b)determine the nature of the products of a reaction c)increase the speed of a chemical reaction d)are essential raw materials for a chemical reaction that are converted into some of its products - ✔✔c)increase the speed of a chemical reaction
96.what is the energy source for all types of diffusion? - ✔✔diffusion is driven by kinetic energy of the molecules 97.what determines the direction of any diffusion process? - ✔✔the relative concentration of the substance in different areas determines the direction of diffusion. diffusion occurs from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration. 98.what are the two types of facilitated diffusion and how do they differ? - ✔✔in channel-mediated diffusion, the diffusing substance moves through a membrane channel. in carrier-mediated diffusion,the diffusing substance attaches to a membrane (protein) carrier that moves it across the membrane 99.what happens when the Na+-K+ pump is phosphorylated? when K+ binds to the pump protein? - ✔✔phosphorylation of the Na+-K pump causes the pump protein to change shape so that it "pumps" Na+ across the membrane K+ binding to the pump protein triggers the release of phosphate and the pump protein returns to its original shape
- as a cell grows its plasma membrane expands. does this membrane expansion involve endocytosis or exocytosis? - ✔✔the plasma membrane expands as a result of exocytosis
- phagocytic cells gather in the lungs, particularly in the lungs of smokers. What is the connection? - ✔✔phagocytic cells engulf debris and a smokers lungs would be laden with carbon particles and other debris from smoke inhalation
- which vesicular transport process allows a cell to take in cholesterol from the extracellular fluid? - ✔✔cholesterol is taken in by receptor-mediated endocytosis
- what process establishes the resting membrane potential? - ✔✔diffusion of ions mainly the diffusion of K+ from the cell through leakage channels establishes the resting membrane potential
- is the inside of the plasma membrane negative or positive relative to its outside in a polarized membrane? - ✔✔in a polarized membrane the inside is negative relative to its outside
- what term is used to indicate signaling chemicals that bind to membrane receptors? which type of membrane receptor is most important in directing intracellular events by promoting formation of second messengers? - ✔✔signaling chemicals that bind to membrane receptors are called ligands. G protein-linked receptors direct intra cellular events by promoting formation of second messengers.
- which organelle is the major site of ATP synthesis? - ✔✔mitochondria are the major sites of ATP synthesis
- what are 3 organelles involved in protein synthesis and how do these organelles interact in that process? - ✔✔ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. the rough ER provides a site for ribosome attachment, and its cisterns package in vesicles the proteins made on the ribosomes for transport to the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages the proteins it receives for various destinations within or outside the cell
