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MICR 290 FINAL EXAM (ACTUAL EXAM) | ALL EXAM
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Which layer of the meninges is closest to the spinal cord? a. arachnoid mater b. dura mater c. subarachnoid space d. pia mater ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------d. pia mater Think of the spinal cord with the word pad next to it. (P.A.D) pia, arachnoid, dura Which bacterium is currently the leading cause of meningitis in the U.S.? a. listeria monocytogenes b. streptococcus agalactiae c. haemophilus influenzae d. neisseria meningitidis ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------d. neisseria meningitidis just think it has the word meningitidis
- all have meningitidis in answer but this is the most common Which of the following is TRUE of polio? a. the last known natural case of polio occurred in 1999. b. polio has successfully been eradicated globally. c. vaccine-induced polio still exists d. polio is endemic in at least 33 countries ---------CORRECT ANSWER----- ------------c. vaccine-induced polio still exists
- only a few countries that still has polio, about 6
- there is an oral live vaccine- which is a weak form of polio- its a live virus that can rarely cause disease unless immunocompromised
- can chose live or dead vaccine - dead vaccine doesn't work as well but safer How do people acquire African sleeping sickness? a. drinking contaminated water b. bite from a tsetse fly c. bite from an infected bat d. eating contaminated food ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------b. bite from a tsetse fly
- trypanosomes: flagellated protozoan
- when they bite you, can go to brain due to blood flow, oxygen is blocked, can cause humans to go into coma or worse Which of the following is NOT a way that humans acquire a trachoma infection? a. the process of birth b. formite transmission c. rubbing eyes with the fingers d. blood transfusion ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------d. blood transfusion trachoma- chlamydia disease What condition is characterized by red streaks under the skin? a. lymphangitis b. toxemia c. septic shock
d. liver damage in the final stage of the disease ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------d. liver damage in the final stage of the disease T or F False ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Cold viruses can infect any area of the body, although they cause symptoms only when they reproduce in the upper respiratory tract. Pleomorphic bacteria __________. a. vary in size or shape b. are motile c. have an unusual arrangement that looks like "Chinese letters" d. cannot cause disease in humans ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------- ---a. vary in size or shape Which of the following is NOT true of RSV infection? a. It is spread primarily by respiratory droplets. b. It is the leading respiratory killer of infants worldwide. c. The virus that causes it is relatively unstable outside the body. d. It causes large multinucleate cells to form in the lungs. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------a. It is spread primarily by respiratory droplets. Recall that RSV stands for "respiratory syncytial virus." T or F Vaccination is possible for some varieties of the common cold. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------True
A live, attenuated vaccine against adenoviruses is available, although it is currently used only for military recruits. Glycoprotein spikes on the exterior of some viruses, such as influenza virus, are used to __________. a. keep the envelope from disintegrating b. create holes in the host cell wall c. recognize and attach to host cell receptors d. prevent phagocytes from recognizing the virus ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------c. recognize and attach to host cell receptors Think about the purpose of proteins on the surface of a cell. All of the following are true statements concerning Legionella (Legionnaires' disease) EXCEPT that __________. a. it is commonly found in water pipes and other domestic water sources b. there are over 40 species of Legionella c. it can produce serious extrapulmonary infections d. it is not known to be spread from person to person ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------c. it can produce serious extrapulmonary infections Recall that legionellosis is characterized by the common features of pneumonia. Which of the following diseases can be caused by only certain strains of Streptococcus pyogenes? a. laryngitis b. rheumatic fever c. streptococcal pharyngitis d. scarlet fever ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------d. scarlet fever
d. yeast ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------c. enterococci The key term of the question is referring to organisms of the skin. Which of the listed answer choices doesn't fit this environment? T or F MRSA refers to a form of Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to methicillin. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------True T or F Rickettsia rickettsii are obliged to live inside other cells due to their special nutritional requirements. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------True Which of the following is NOT a bacterial infection of the skin? a. folliculitis b. cat scratch disease c. necrotizing fasciitis d. athlete's foot ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The key term of this question is bacterial. Which of the answer choices is not a bacterial pathogen? Bartonella henselae causes which of the following? a. Rocky Mountain spotted fever b. chickenpox c. gas gangrene d. cat scratch disease ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------d. cat scratch disease
This microbe causes disease only in humans, although it is carried by an animal. Recall that this organism also grows inside the red blood cells of infected individuals. Chickenpox in adults is more severe than in children because __________. a. VZV is more likely to become latent in children b. adults are usually infected by more virulent strains of VZV c. adults have a more developed immune system d. VZV can spread to the brain and spinal cord in adults ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------c. adults have a more developed immune system Which of the following does NOT play a role in the pathogenicity of Clostridium perfringens? a. endospore formation b. rapid cell division c. non-motility d. toxin production ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------c. non-motility The pathogenicity depends on virulence factors that allow C. perfringens to better infect its host. Teratogenic birth defects are common in the babies of pregnant women infected with which of the following diseases? a. roseola b. chickenpox c. rubella d. measles ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------c. rubella Teratogenic birth defects are defects such as deafness, mental retardation, microcephaly, and other serious problems in unborn children
T or F Both botulism and tetanus involve disruption of communication at neuromuscular junctions. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------True Botulism interferes with this communication to produce a flaccid paralysis; tetanus interferes with the communication in such a way as to produce a rigid paralysis. T or F Trachoma strains of Chlamydia trachomatis cause blindness because the organism reproduces in the cells of the cornea. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------False T or F Pathogens of the nervous system usually have one or more virulence factors designed to overcome the normal microbiota of the CNS. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------False There are not any normal microbiota in the CNS. T or F Human-to-human transmission of some arboviruses is possible. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------False
________ are typically caused by bacteria that infect sebaceous glands near the eye. - --------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Sties The organism that most frequently causes this infection is able to digest lipids. Spongiform lesions are typical of infection caused by _______. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Prions Spongiform encephalopathies are the result of this type of infection. In Africa, sleeping sickness is caused by ________. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------trypanosoma brucei This microbe is a protozoan that has an insect vector. Cryptococcus neoformans causes __________. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------meningitis Cryptococcus neoformans lives in soil, bird feces, and the sap of eucalyptus trees. Which of the following is NOT associated with bacterial meningitis? a. Streptococcus pneumoniae b. Listeria monocytogenes c. Mycobacterium leprae d. Haemophilus influenzae ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------c. Mycobacterium leprae This is associated with bacterial meningitis. Consider that many pathogens are named for their activities or the disease that they cause.
Mothers and their newborns are at greater risk for this type of infection because this organism is a normal member of the vaginal microbiota in many women. Which of the following is a common feature of both botulism and tetanus? a. transmission by endospores b. a short incubation period c. flaccid paralysis d. availability of an effective vaccine ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ----a. transmission by endospores Recall that these diseases are caused by different species of Clostridium. Diseases caused by which of the following are more prevalent in immunocompromised patients? a. Trypanosoma b. Cryptococcus c. prions d. Acanthamoeba ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------b. Cryptococcus This pathogen is a type of fungus, and infection occurs in the late stages of AIDS when there is little immune function remaining. Which of the following conditions is NOT treatable by active immunization? a. tetanus b. rabies c. botulism d. All of these can be treated by active immunization. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------c. botulism
Active immunization would be useful only for a pathogen that slowly produces a toxin or one that replicates and slowly moves through tissues. Which of the following accounts for the seasonal nature of arboviral encephalitis in the United States? a. mosquito life cycles b. use of contaminated swimming pools c. exposure to bird droppings d. air conditioning systems ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------a. mosquito life cycles Recall that arbovirus is short for "arthropod-borne virus." Why are infections of the central nervous system (CNS) so hard to treat? a. CNS infections progress rapidly and usually cannot be treated quickly enough. b. Only antibiotic-resistant microbes can infect the CNS. c. Most antimicrobial drugs cannot enter the CNS very easily. d. The CNS is damaged very easily by any kind of infection. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------c. Most antimicrobial drugs cannot enter the CNS very easily. What is the mechanism used by the body to limit access of cells and compounds to the brain? What role might the blood-brain barrier play in this? T or F There is no known means of destroying prions. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------False
This organism can be found in an extremely wide variety of animal hosts, including birds, mammals, and fish. Resistance to malaria is increased by all of the following EXCEPT __________. a. sickle-cell trait b. glucose- 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency c. presence of hemoglobin A d. a lack of Duffy antigens on erythrocytes ---------CORRECT ANSWER----- ------------c. presence of hemoglobin A Which of the following is NOT caused by a virus? a. infectious mononucleosis b. tularemia c. yellow fever d. dengue fever ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------b. tularemia This disease is caused by a bacterium and is zoonotic. What disease is caused by a bacterium and is zoonotic. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------tularemia Which of the following is NOT associated with the life cycle of a protozoan? a. endospores b. trophozoite c. cyst d. merozoites ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------a. endospores
This is associated with the life cycle of a protozoan. Recall that protozoans are eukaryotic organisms. What structures/stages are present in a eukaryotic life cycle? The portion of the cell wall of Gram-negative pathogens that can cause fatal septicemia is called a(n) __________. a. neurotoxin b. endotoxin c. cytotoxin d. exotoxin ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------b. endotoxin There is one component that activates nearly all the non-specific immune responses of the body. Which of the following layers of the heart is most susceptible to colonization and damage by bacterial pathogens? a. endocardium b. myocardium c. pericardium d. intercardium ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------a. endocardium Epstein-Barr virus is transmitted via all of the following routes EXCEPT __________. a. blood b. saliva c. direct contact d. sexual contact ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------a. blood Consider that Epstein-Barr virus is the cause of mono, the "kissing disease."
Which of the following is NOT a condition caused by a herpesvirus? a. gingivostomatitis b. impetigo c. fever blisters d. gladiatorum ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------b. impetigo gingivostomatitis - is on gum line - herpes appears here impetigo - not herpes is a strepto infection - yellow crusty blister fever blisters - cold sores - part herpes gladiatorum - skin - wrestling More than 100 strains of papillomaviruses cause _______. a. measles b. warts c. monkeypox d. gas gangrene ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------b. warts papillomaviruses- HPV How do people acquire leishmaniasis? a. bite of an infected tick b. bite of an infected sand fly c. contact w/ an infected animal d. contact w/ an infected person ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- b. bite of an infected sand fly think of desert can cause damage to white blood cells
Which of the following does NOT contribute to the virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis? a. capable of growth within host cells, including phagocytes b. endotoxin c. mycolic acid in cell wall d. cord factor ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------b. endotoxin There are many virulence factors that a pathogen may have. Do you recall what a virulence factor is? It is something about the pathogen that gives it an advantage in infecting its host. T or F Most cold sores are caused by human herpesvirus 2. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------False Human herpesvirus 1 causes the majority of cases of cold sores, although human herpesvirus 2 causes some cases. Campylobacter jejuni is the most common cause of which of the following diseases in the United States? a. dental caries b. peptic ulcers c. gingivitis d. bacterial gastroenteritis ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------d. bacterial gastroenteritis This organism colonizes the jejunum, ileum, and colon. The deposition of eggs in the perianal area is a characteristic of which of the following?
