Download MICROBIOLOGY EXAM 1 (CHAPTERS 1-5) WITH CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2025\2026 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
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95% - correct answers What percentage of bacteria are non-pathogens? 1% - correct answers What percentage of bacteria cause human diseases? Microbiology - correct answers What is a specialized are of biology that deals with living things too small to be seen? rapidly, large - correct answers Microbes are easy to study because they grow__________ and can be grown in ___________ populations. small, microscope - correct answers Microbes are difficult to study because they are too __________ to be directly seen and have to be observed under a ______________. foods, antibotics - correct answers Microbes are used to produce several _________ like cheese, beer, sauerkraut, bread and many ___________ like penicilin. decomposers - correct answers Bacteria can be used as a primary __________ for recycling nutrients. chemicals - correct answers Bacteria synthesize ____________ for our body needs but cannot produce on our own.
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reproduction - correct answers Bacteria have a very simple and rapid rate of _______________ and metabolism. Insulin, Interferon - correct answers Bacteria can be used to produce enzymes and proteins such as __________, HGH, and _____________ for gene therapies. Bacteria - correct answers Which type of microbe is a prokaryotic (no nucleus), has a peptidoglycan cell wall and reproduces by binary fission and gains energy through the use of organic chemicals and photosynthesis? Archea - correct answers Which type of microbe is a prokaryotic, has no peptidoglycan and lives in extreme environments? Fungi - correct answers Which microbe is eukaryotic (has a nucleus), has a chitin cell wall, uses organic chemicals for energy? multicellular, unicellular - correct answers Molds are ______________, while yeasts are _____________. Protozoa - correct answers Which microbes are eukaryotes, absorb or ingest organic chemicals, may be motile and some are parasitic? Viruses - correct answers What are aceullular, require host machinery, can infect all living cells, are parasitic, and have a protein-coated genetic elements?
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- Specific microorganism is present in all cases of the disease
- Organism can be obtained in pure culture outside of the host
- Organism when re-inoculated into host causes the same symptoms
- Organism can be isolated in pure culture from experimentally infected host - correct answers What were Koch's Postulates? eukaryotes - correct answers What contains organelles? Prokaryotes - correct answers What kind of cells lack organelles and are about 10X smaller than eukaryotes? Viruses - correct answers What kind of cells are not independently living cellular organisms, are composed of hereditary material, and are inside of a host organism? helminth, virus, protozoa, bacteria, fungi - correct answers Virus, Fungus, Bacteria, Protozoa, Helminth: arrange from largest to smallest? Monomoers - correct answers What are subunits of macromolecules? Polymers - correct answers What are chains of various lengths made up of monomers?
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CH2O - correct answers Carbs have what chemical formula? Polysaccharides - correct answers What contribute to structural support and protection and serve as nutrient and energy stores? Agar - correct answers What is a polysaccharide used in preparing solid culture media for microbes? Peptidoglycan - correct answers What are polysaccharides linked peptide fragments, found in bacterial cell walls? Glycocalyx - correct answers What is the outer surface of many cells; functions in attachments or as a receptor that receives external stimuli? Triglycerides - correct answers What are storage lipid including fats and oils? Glycerol - correct answers What is 3-carbon alcohol with 3 OH groups that serve as binding sites? Fatty acids - correct answers What are long-chain hydrocarbon molecules with a carboxyl group (COOH) that bind with glycerol?
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Last Common Ancestor - correct answers What is the word for where the most complex cell type emerged when the _____ ____________ ___________ cell engulfed the smaller prokaryotic cells and began to coexist with them? organelles - correct answers The coexistence of the last common ancestor and the smaller prokaryotes it engulfed probably created what? Chloroplasts - correct answers The engulfment of photosynthesis material caused the formation of what? flagella and cilia - correct answers What are the two appendages used by eukaryotes for movement? Flagella - correct answers Which appendage for movement allows microorganism to move toward nutrients and positive stimuli? Flagella - correct answers Which appendage for cellular movement cause circular motion to propel the cell? Cilia - correct answers Which of the appendages for microorganism movement is similar to flagella but shorter and more numerous, also function as feeding and filtering structures, and move in back and forth motion?
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The glycocalx - correct answers What is the outermost layer that comes into direct contact with the environment and is usually composed of polysaccharides as a network of fibers? protection, adherence for other cells to it surface and reception of signals from other cells to enviornment - correct answers The glycocalx offers what three functions? Cytoplasmic membrane - correct answers What part of the cell is the typical phospholipid bilayer where proteins are embedded, and contain sterols that give it ridigity (important for cells without cell walls)? Cyptoplasmic membrane - correct answers What acts as a selectively permeable membrane barrier for the eukaryotic cell? The nucleus - correct answers What is the most prominent organelle in eukaryotic cells? nuclear envelope - correct answers What is the space pored layer that allows macromolecules to migrate through, that covers the nucleus? The nucleolus - correct answers What is the site of RNA synthesizes, collective are of ribsomal subunits and is found in the nucleoplasm?
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Mitochondria - correct answers What is the powerhouse of the cell, has tubular folds known as cristae and allow for aerobic respiration, extracts energy to form ATP? chloroplasts - correct answers What is like the mitochondria but for plants as it converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis, and also gives plant its shape, and green color? Ribosomes - correct answers What are the dotted particles of the Rough ER, around cyotplams and in mitochondria and chloroplasts that control protein synthesize? 80s - correct answers Eukaryotic ribosomes are what size? microtubules - correct answers What are long hollow tubes that maintain the shape of the eukaryotic cells and transport substances from one part to another? unicellular and multicellular - correct answers Microscopic fungi such as molds and yeasts can be both what? Yeasts - correct answers What kind of fungi reproduces asexually by budding? Primary pathogens - correct answers What kind of pathogens sicken even healthy people?
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Opportunistic pathogens - correct answers What kind of pathogens attack person's who are already weakened in some way? decomposing - correct answers Fungi play essential role in _______________ of organic material? Heterotrophic - correct answers What kind of fungi acquire nutrients from a wide variety of organic substances? Saprobic - correct answers What kind of fungi obtain nutrients from the remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or aquatic habitats? Parasitic - correct answers What kind of fungi grow on the bodies of living animals or plants? enzymes - correct answers Fungi penetrate the substrate and secrete what which can reduce the small molecules to be absorbed by their cells? harmless - correct answers Most protozoa are what? parasitic - correct answers A few protozoa are what and cause millions of infections each year?
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asexual reproduction - correct answers All protozoa reproduce by what through mitotic cell division and multiple fission? sexual reproduction - correct answers Only some protozoa can reproduce ho as the partcipate in conjugation where two cells fuse? Helminths - correct answers Tapeworms, flukes and roundworms are all examples of what? gastrointestinal tract - correct answers Not all helminths are parasitic, but parasitic ones spend most of time in what area of body? organs and organ systems - correct answers Generally worms are multicellular organisms with both ________ and _______ ___________. egg or larva - correct answers Most worms transmit in an infective form known as what to another host where the larva develops as a intermediate host until mature to definitive host? the large intestine - correct answers Enterobius vermicularis or pinworms cause a common infestation in what?
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a nucleus and organelles - correct answers Prokaryotes lack what two things a cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton - correct answers All prokaryotes have what features? a cell wall and glycocalx - correct answers Most prokaryotes have what? flagellea, pili, an outer membrane and endospores - correct answers Some prokaryotes can posses what? unicellular - correct answers Most prokaryotes exist as what? proteins - correct answers Flagella of prokaryotes have three distinct parts and is compromised of what? montrichous - correct answers Having a single flagella is called what? lophotrichous - correct answers having small bunches of flagella on one end of cell is called what? amphitrichous - correct answers Having flagella at both poles of a cell is called what?
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cell wall, cell membrane, and outer membrane in some bacteria - correct answers What are the three basic layers of a prokaryotes nuclear envelope? peptidoglycan cell wall - correct answers What is a long repeating framework of long glycan (sugar) chains cross linked to peptide (proteins) fragements that provide strength and resist rupturing from osmotic pressure? Lipopolysaccharide - correct answers What are located on the outermost layer of the outer membrane in a gram negative bacteria? lipid A endotoxin - correct answers What stimulates fever and shock? their extra membrane layer - correct answers A gram negative bacteria is actually stronger than the gram positive bacteria because of what? the DNA - correct answers The cytoplasm of the prokaryotes contain what in the nucleiod? bacterial chromosome - correct answers Most DNA in bacteria have a singlar form of it known as what?
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plasmids - correct answers Most of bacteria generally also carry unessential pieces of DNA called what? 70s - correct answers Prokaryotic ribosomes are what size in total with large and small subunits? translate mRNA into proteins - correct answers Ribosomes in prokaryotes do what? every type of cell - correct answers What cells can viruses infect? Obligate intracellular parasites - correct answers Viruses are described as _______________ intracellular ___________, as they invade a host cell and instruct its metabolic machinery to make and release new viruses? alive or not - correct answers Viruses are also described as inactive or active instead of what? their genetic makeup - correct answers Viruses infect cells and influence what? viruses - correct answers 10% of human genome consist of sequences that come from what?
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Virion - correct answers What is a fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell? capsomeres - correct answers The capsid is the most prominent feature of a virus that can be composed of identical subunits called what? bacteriophage - correct answers A complex virus is called a what? polyhedral capsid, and sheath covered tail that is helical - correct answers A bacteriophage contains what elements? cell membrane - correct answers Enveloped viruses take a bit of what with them when they are release from a host cell? viral proteins - correct answers Some of the hosts proteins are replaced by what? not both - correct answers A virus can contain a DNA or RNA but not what? double stranded, single stranded, linear and circular - correct answers DNA viruses can be of what configuration?
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double stranded, single stranded, - correct answers RNA viruses can be of what configurations? reverse transcriptase enzyme - correct answers What is an RNA that must be converted before translation can occur? integrase enzyme - correct answers What can carry their own enzymes to create DNA out of RNA? Absorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, release - correct answers What are the steps for viral replication? specific host molecule - correct answers A virus can invade its host cell only through making an exact fit with a what? absorption and invasion - correct answers Cells that lack compatible virus receptors are resistant to what by a virus? Endocytosis - correct answers Penetration occurs through what, as the entire virus is engulfed by the cell and enclosed in a vacuole? uncoating - correct answers what is it when an enzymes in a vacuole dissolve the envelop and capsid of a virus?
