Download Microbiology Exams 1-7 | Rio Salado College | Featuring Microbial Structure and Function and more Exams Microbiology in PDF only on Docsity!
Microbiology Exams 1-7 | Rio Salado College | Featuring
Microbial Structure and Function, Bacterial Growth,
Genetics, Immunology, Infectious Diseases, and
Laboratory Techniques | Latest Versions
List several ways in which microbes affect our lives. ---------CORRECT ANSWER------ -----------· Maintenance of an ecological balance on earth Produce foods and chemical necessary for the survival of humans Maintain health present on your skin, in your mouth, and in your stomach Recognize the system of scientific nomenclature that uses genus and specific epithet names. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Designed by Carolus Linnaeus each living organism is assigned two names. The genus is the first name and is always capitalized. The species name follows and is not capitalized. Differentiate among the major characteristics of each group of microorganisms. -- -------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Most common shapes of bacteria: Bacillius (rodlike); Coccus (spherical or ovoid); spiral (corkscrew or curved). Archaea: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------consist of prokaryotic cells and don't have cell walls. They live in extreme environments
Fungi: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------eukaryotic organisms have distinct nucleus. Can be uni/multicellular Protozoa: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------eukaryotic; unicellular. Most are parasites, names means "first animals" Algae: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------uni/multicellular that obtain nourishment through photosynthesis. Viruses: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------non cellular that are parasites of cells. Structurally simple, difficult to kill. Smaller than bacteria. All organisms are classified into three basic domains. What are the domains? ------ ---CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Explain the importance of observations made by Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek. --- ------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Hooke discovery marked that beginning of cell theory - that all living things are composed of cells VAm Leeu - observation of live microorganisms using his simple microscope
Identify the importance of Jenner's work. ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- He demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox material provided humans with immunity from small pox Identify the contributions to microbiology made by Ehrlich and Fleming. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Ehrlich introduced an arsenic containing chemical called salvarsan to tx syphilis Flemming observed that mold (penicillium) inhibited the growth of a bacterial culture. Define bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, immunology, and virology. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Bacteriology: the study of bacteria Mycology: the study of fungi Parasitology: the study of parasitic protozoa and worms Immunology: the study of immunity Virology: study of viruses Explain the importance of recombinant DNA technology. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------bacteria can produce substances such as proteins, vaccines, and enzymes List at least four beneficial activities of microorganisms. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Microorganisms degrade dead plants and animals and
recycle chemical elements to be used by living plants and animals. Bacteria are used to decompose organic matter in sewage, and bioremediation processes use bacteria to clean up toxic wastes. Bacteria are being used to control insect populations, and microbes are commonly used to make products such as food and chemicals (called biotechnology). List two examples of biotechnology that use genetic engineering and two examples that do not. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------agriculture to protect plants from frost and insects and to improve the shelf life of products Define normal microbiota and resistance. ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- This distinction is a balance between the disease-producing properties of a species of a microbe, and the host's resistance (the ability to ward off diseases). When resistance is low in the host, an infectious disease may occur, one in which pathogens invade a susceptible host. Define and describe several infectious diseases. ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------- ------VRE, PNU, MRSA, CDIFF Describe emerging infectious diseases. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------HIV, AIDS, Ebola, West Nile
with the naked eye. They help the ecosystem by keeping it in balance. Microbes are all around us, and without them humans wouldn't be able to survive. They help protect our bodies from foreign microbes that could cause disease, they also help with the breakdown of food, and keeping our immunity strong. The invention of the microscope would have to be one of the most significant developments of microbiology. Without the microscope we would continue to not know about this whole world of minute living cells and structures. The microscope allows us to see thing unable to be seen with the naked eye. The second significant event would be the discovery of pasteurization. Not only has it allowed beer and wine to travel and not spoil so quickly, it led to the germ theory of disease. How did the theory of biogenesis lead the way for the germ theory of disease? ---- -----CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The theory of biogenesis came first and started the golden age of microbiology. Through the process of trying to prove that biogenesis was correct Louis Pasteur discovered that microorganisms are the reason why things spoil or turn bad. These findings led to the theory of germ disease which states microorganisms may be the reason for disease. What is a microbe, and what are important contributions microorganisms make to the earth's ecosystems? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Microbes are minute living things that individually are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye. Microbes help the ecosystem work. They are used as the basic foundations of food chains in the oceans, lakes and rivers. They are responsible for digestion and synthesis of vitamins in the human intestines.
The antibiotic (antimicrobial) amphotericin B causes leaks in cells by combining with sterols in the plasma membrane. Would you expect to use amphotericin B against a bacterial infection? A fungal infection? Offer a reason why amphotericin B has severe side effects in humans. ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Bacterial cell membranes generally do not contain sterols, therefore the amphotericin B treatment of bacterial infection would not be effective. Since both the human and fungal cell membranes contain sterols amphotericin B damages the human cells as well which contributes to its toxicity. Archaea are often found ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------in extreme environments Many algae have cell walls composed of ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- cellulose In the name Escherichia coli, coli is the ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- specific epithet which of the following is not a domain in the three- domain system --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Animalia The domains are: archaea, bacteria, eukarya
the antimicrobial drug imidazole inhibits sterol synthesis. This would most likely interfere with... ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------eukaryotic plasma membranes the smallest unit of matter is ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------an atom all atoms with the same number of protons that behave the same way are classified as ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------chemical elements the valence shell of an atom is ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the outer most shell the strongest of the three chemical bonds is ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------
- covalent bond what bond occurs when opposite charges combine - --------CORRECT ANSWER------- ----------ionic
what is a molecule called that undergoes a decomposition reaction that yields hydrogen ion and anion products ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------acid simple and simple celled prokaryotes, various shapes and arrangements --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------bacteria photosynthetic eukaryotes with both asexual and sexual reproductive forms ------- --CORRECT ANSWER-----------------algae multicellular animal parasite ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------helminths what bond is formed when opposite charges come together ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ionic these kind of bonds share electrons ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- covalent bonds identify the large and diverse group of organic compounds that includes sugars and starches ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------carbohydrates
a change of energy occurs during chemical reactions ---------CORRECT ANSWER----- ------------true Endergonic reactions ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------require energy exergonic reactions ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------release engery water is a reactant in many of the decomposition reactions of what? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------digestion Explain what would happen to the relative amount of unsaturated lipids in a plasma membrane when E. Coli bacteria grown at 25 degrees Celsius are then grown at 37 degrees Celsius. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The amount of unsaturates decreases, and the amount of saturated lipids increases Describe the structure of a simple lipid. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------also called fats or triglycerides contain an alcohol called glycerol and a group of compounds known as fatty acids.
the primary function of lipids is the formation of plasma membranes that enclose cells. saturated is when it has no double bonds saturated chains become solid more easily because they are relatively straight and are able to pack together moe closely than unsaturated chains unsaturated fats have double bonds and they create kinks in the chain which keep the chains apart from one another. Special properties of water ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ice being less dense which means less hydrogen molecules the ice of lakes serves as a insulating layer to the underlying organisms solvent properties water is a key reactant to digestion by larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules; water is important source of the hydrogen and oxygen that are incorporated into numerous organic compounds in living cells temperature buffer - water moe easily maintains a content temp than other solvents and protect cell from fluctuations in environments due to its strong hydrogen bonding in water molecules acid ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------dissociates into H+and anions
confocal ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------to obtain two and three dimensional images electron ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------examine viruses scanning ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------to study the surface features of cell sand viruses Compound light microscope ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------examine very small specimens and some of their fine detail. can not resolve structures smaller than 0.2um How does light pass through a microscope ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- illuminatior - light source --- condenser; lens that direct the light rays through the specimen --- objective lenses; light passes through here this is the lens closest to the specimen --- the imagine is magnified again by the ocular lens stains ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------salts composed of positive and negative ion one of which is colored and is known as chromophore
basic dye - positive ion acidic - negative ion negative staining ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------preparing colorless bacteria against a colored background - usually with acidic dyes Gram staining steps ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------heat fixed smear is covered with a basic purple dye purple dye is washed off ad the smear is covered with iodine - mordant (both gram + and gram - appear purple in this step) the slide is washed with alcohol this decolorizes alcohol is rinsed off and the slide is stained with another basic dye that is red smear is washed again and dried then examined. Why does gram staining work? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------because the crystal violet and the iodine can enter the cell. the primary dye stays or leaves based on the cell wall of the bacteria. is negative cells the lipopolysaccharide layer allows the color to leave
the crystal violet stain stays in the cell with the iodine and is not washed out like in the gram negative cell. The thinner peptidoglycan layer of the gram negative cell allows the primary stain to be washed out with the decolorizing agent. This staining technique is important in medical microbiology because it helps with the treatment of disease. Gram positive bacteria tend to respond to certain antibiotics like penicillin and cephalosporin's; gram negative bacteria are usually more resistant to those antibiotics due to the lipopolysaccharide layer. negative stain s ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Negative stains are used to demonstrate the presence of capsules. Most capsules do not accept stains and appear as unstained halos around the bacterial cells in a stained or colored background. These capsules are used in medical microbiology to determine the organism's virulence. This can be used as a diagnostic aide. The sample is not fixed, so motility could be seen. - shape and arrangement not motility spore stains ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Spore stains are used to see endospores which are especially resistant and dormant structures formed within a cell that protect its bacterium from adverse environmental conditions. This stain is used to detect the presence of the endospores in bacteria. Malachite green is applied to the stain and heated which will kill the living cells. The dye penetrates the endospores and stains them green. hanging drop ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------To view a bacteria in a living state the usual method is using the hanging drop procedure. It is used to view the cells shape, size, and motility.
gram stain to diagnose the flu? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The gram stain could not be used to diagnose the flu. The gram stain is a technique used to differentiate bacteria and their cell walls. It distinguishes between gram negative and gram positive cells. It could be used to help with a determining if a certain antibiotic would treat a bacterial infection. Gram stains are also used for bacterial and fungi samples and not viral samples, and the influenza is a virus. acid fast stain ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------binds strongly only to bacteria that have a waxy material in their cell walls - mycobacterium (TB and leprosy) virulence ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the degree to which a pathogen can cause disease capsule ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------gelatinous covering in a prokaryotic cell endospore ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------resistant dormant structure formed within a cell that protects a bacterium from adverse environmental conditions prokaryotes ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------dna is not enclosed within a membrane
