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MICROBIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM- COMBINED QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS [SCORE A], Exams of Nursing

New Jersey City University (NJCU)Nursing

MICROBIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM- COMBINED QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS [SCORE A]

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 06/23/2025

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MICROBIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM-
COMBINED QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS [SCORE A]
Microbiology - correct answers Study of microorganisms (microbes)
Microorganism (aka microbes) - correct answers Organisms/agents too small to be
clearly seen by the naked eye
- Exp: Bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, fungi, and viruses
Pathogen - correct answers Pathogen Disease-causing microbe
- Exp: Streptococcus ("strep throat"), influenza virus ("flu")
Normal flora - correct answers Microbes found in/on healthy individuals
- Exp: E. coli (intestines), staphylococcus (skin)
How can microbes be "harmful" in food? "Beneficial"? - correct answers Harmful:
Food-borne illness = food "poisoning"
Beneficial
1. Dairy products: cheese, yogurt
2. Fermented foods: pickles, sauerkraut
3. Alcoholic beverages: beer, wine
4. Baked goods: bread
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Download MICROBIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM- COMBINED QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS [SCORE A] and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

COMBINED QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT

AND VERIFIED ANSWERS [SCORE A]

Microbiology - correct answers Study of microorganisms (microbes) Microorganism (aka microbes) - correct answers Organisms/agents too small to be clearly seen by the naked eye

  • Exp: Bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, fungi, and viruses Pathogen - correct answers Pathogen Disease-causing microbe
  • Exp: Streptococcus ("strep throat"), influenza virus ("flu") Normal flora - correct answers Microbes found in/on healthy individuals
  • Exp: E. coli (intestines), staphylococcus (skin) How can microbes be "harmful" in food? "Beneficial"? - correct answers Harmful: Food-borne illness = food "poisoning" Beneficial
  1. Dairy products: cheese, yogurt
  2. Fermented foods: pickles, sauerkraut
  3. Alcoholic beverages: beer, wine
  4. Baked goods: bread

COMBINED QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT

AND VERIFIED ANSWERS [SCORE A]

What infectious diseases prevailed in the 1900s? And the 2000s? - correct answers What infectious diseases prevailed in the 1900s? And the 2000s? 1900 = bacterial death was the top 3 causes of death: flu and pneumonia, TB, gastroenteritis 2000s = bacterial death was the 6th and 8th top cause of death: flu and pneumonia, AIDS How can we control infectious diseases? - correct answers 1. Improve sanitary practices

  1. Discover anti-microbials
  2. Develop vaccines Legumes - correct answers N2 fixation (N2 --> 2NH3) = nutrient recycling
  • Use nitrogen in air
  • Convert to ammonia
  • Insert into food chain Ruminants - correct answers Digest cellulose and make food source available
  • Cellulose digested into CO2, CH4 (methane), and animal proteins

COMBINED QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT

AND VERIFIED ANSWERS [SCORE A]

Robert Hooke (1635-1703) - correct answers First person to PUBLISH the depiction of a microorganism. Discovered mold.

  • Described the fruiting (flowering) structure of molds in 1665 (~25 years before Leeuwenhoek) = "hairy mold" colony Microscope (same as modern mechanisms)
  1. Lens
  2. Light source pointed at sample
  3. Adjustment screws Spontaneous generation - correct answers Spontaneous generation Life arises spontaneously from non-living matter
  • Aristotle (384-322 BC) thought some simpler invertebrates could arise this way
  • Some proposed that MICROORGANISMS arose by spontaneous generation (although larger organisms didn't) Biogenesis - correct answers Life arises from preexisting life
  • Proven for LARGE organisms by Francesco Redi in 1668 through the generation of maggots
  • Proven for MICROorganisms by Louis Pasteur in 1891 through the use of swan-neck flasks (flasks with neck that go all the way out) to disprove spontaneous generation

COMBINED QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT

AND VERIFIED ANSWERS [SCORE A]

How was the generation of maggots used to prove biogenesis? - correct answers How was the generation of maggots used to prove biogenesis? 1. Observation: Meat attracts flies

  1. Question: What causes maggots on rotting meat?
  2. Hypothesis: Meat forms maggots when flies are present
  3. Method: Maggots placed in open meat jar, paper-covered meat jar, and meat jar filled with gauze.
  4. Result: Maggots came from open jar (not paper-covered) and on top of gauze.
  5. Conclusion: Rotting meat doesn't randomly spawn maggots. Maggots form only when flies are present = flies carry maggots eggs Louis Pasteur flask method - correct answers 1. Non-sterile liquid poured into flask
  6. Neck of flask drawn out by flame
  7. Liquid sterilized by heating and air forced out open end
  8. Liquid cooled slowly and dust/microorganisms trapped in bend of flask
  9. Wait for a long time but liquid remains sterile for many years = no spontaneous generation Flask tipped sideways so dust contacts sterile liquid --> microorganisms grew in the liquid

COMBINED QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT

AND VERIFIED ANSWERS [SCORE A]

  • Isolation of pure cultures Used scientific method to prove causation of disease (germ theory) Cellular microorganisms Acellular microorganism - correct answers Has cellular composition (i.e. bacteria) No cellular composition (i.e. viruses) Cell - correct answers Basic unit of cellular life
  • Physically separated from each other
  • Effectively isolated from the outside environment by a cell membrane (and in some cases a cell wall) 6 basic properties of a cell - correct answers 1. Metabolism = uptake chemicals from environment, transform chemical, eliminate waste into environment = open system
  1. Reproduction/growth
  2. Differentiation = form new structure

COMBINED QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT

AND VERIFIED ANSWERS [SCORE A]

  1. Communication = chemicals signaling
  2. Movement = self-propulsion (flagella)
  3. Evolution Prokaryotic microbes - correct answers 1. Bacteria
  4. Archaea Eukaryotic microbes - correct answers 1. Protozoa
  5. Algae
  6. Fungi Prokaryotes - correct answers - Single cells
  • Lack nucleus ("open" nucleoid = not enclosed by membrane)
  • 70S ribosome
  • Size: 1-2 micrometers wide, 2-10 micrometers long (there are exceptions = i.e. cyanobacteria)
  • Inhabit every space suitable for life = not on surface but in ocean/sub-surface on land
  • There are 5 x 10^30 prokaryote cells on Earth

COMBINED QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT

AND VERIFIED ANSWERS [SCORE A]

  • Some are pathogens Algae - correct answers - Can be single celled or multicellular
  • Have cell walls and are photosynthetic
  • Live in soil, ocean, lakes
  • Some produce toxins Fungi - correct answers - Can be single celled or multicellular
  • Have cell walls but no photosynthetic pigment
  • Some are pathogens
  • Known as nature's "recyclers" Viruses - correct answers - Acellular (= not cellular)
  • Made of nucleic acid + protein
  • Obligate intracellular parasite What percentage of microbes has been discovered and grown in a culture? - correct answers Less than 1% Carl Woese (1970s) - correct answers Use RNA sequencing to compare organisms

COMBINED QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT

AND VERIFIED ANSWERS [SCORE A]

  • Led to discovery of Archaea What pathogens have been discovered since 1980? - correct answers 1. HIV
  1. Lyme disease
  2. West Nile virus (in the US)
  3. SARS What are some old microbes that have increasing incidence? - correct answers 1. Tuberculosis
  4. Malaria Thiomargarita namibiensis Epulopiscium fishelsoni - correct answers Bacteria comparable to the size of the head of a fruit fly (750 micrometers for both bacteria listed) Bacteria the size of a hyphen (-) = rod-shaped

COMBINED QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT

AND VERIFIED ANSWERS [SCORE A]

  1. Staphylo = a bunch together (like grapes)
  2. Strepto = a chain attached together
  3. Tetrad = groups of 4
  4. Sarcinae = groups of 8 What are the 4 classifications of bacilli bacteria? - correct answers What are the 4 classifications of bacilli bacteria? 1. Single = lone
  5. Diplo = two linked together
  6. Strepto = chain link
  7. Cocco = has a spherical outline/indentation What are the 3 classifications of spiral bacteria? - correct answers 1. Vibrios = curved rods (L-shaped)
  8. Spirilla = 2 or more twists
  9. Spirochetes = corkscrew-shaped Monomorphic vs. pleomorphic - correct answers Mono = Single shape Pleo = variable/not well-defined cell shape

COMBINED QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT

AND VERIFIED ANSWERS [SCORE A]

What is the function of the plasma membrane? - correct answers 1. Separation of cell from its environment

  1. Selective permeability barrier = some molecules pass in/out of membrane easily (i.e. O2), others need transport systems
  2. Location of metabolic processes (respiration, photosynthesis, lipid synthesis, etc)
  3. Detection/response to chemicals in environment using receptors = avoid toxins
  4. Traveling/movement
  5. Nutrient uptake
  6. Waste and protein excretion What composes the hydrophilic/polar head of phospholipids? The hydrophobic/nonpolar head? - correct answers Phosphate group + glycerol Fatty acids Hopanoids - correct answers Similar to cholesterol stuck in the lipid bilayer = Prokaryotic
  • Stabilize the phospholipid bilayer
  • Add more protection Membrane proteins - correct answers Integral proteins + peripheral proteins

COMBINED QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT

AND VERIFIED ANSWERS [SCORE A]

Inclusion bodies - correct answers Specific to certain prokaryotes and can be seen using light microscopy to ID the bacteria

  • Structure: made of both inorganic/organic stuff
  • Exp: PHB, gas vacuoles, magnetosome Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules - correct answers Inclusion body = phosphate storage reservoir for cell
  • Big portion of cell makes up this granule
  • Used for the synthesis of plastic = extraction of useful features out of bacteria to benefit humans Gas vacuoles - correct answers Inclusion body = provides buoyancy
  • Major metabolic ability of cyanobacteria is photosynthesis so they need to float to the surface of water and perform photosynthesis Magnetosome - correct answers Inclusion body = navigation system = chain of magnetosome fixed inside cell allows bacteria to orient itself in a magnetic field and move
  • Interaction between magnetic dipole moment associated w/magnetosome chain and local magnetic field causes cell to be oriented along the magnetic field lines (using Fe)

COMBINED QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT

AND VERIFIED ANSWERS [SCORE A]

Ribosome - correct answers Prokaryotic = 70S = 30S (small) + 50S (large)

  • Composition: rRNA + protein
  • Site of protein synthesis
  • Thousands per cell Svedberg - correct answers Measure of the sedimentation velocity in a centrifuge of a ribosome
  • Refers to velocity, NOT solely its weight = Depends on weight, shape, AND density Nucleoid - correct answers Irregularly shaped region that contains bacterial chromosome (single circle of double-stranded DNA) Plasmid - correct answers Extra chromosomal DNA = small, circular "mini- chromosomes"
  • Function: extra genetic information
  • Not needed for cell growth, selective advantage (drug/antibiotic resistance)
  • Can be tranferred between bacteria using conjugation Prokaryotic cell wall (general characteristics) - correct answers Rigid structure made up of peptidoglycans that lies right outside the plasma membrane

COMBINED QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT

AND VERIFIED ANSWERS [SCORE A]

  1. Examine at 100x objective
  • Positive (G+) = purple
  • Negative (G-) = pink/red Gram positive cell wall - correct answers - Curved, with a thick layer of peptidoglycan and no outer membrane = thin periplasmic space
  • Has teichoic acid (antigen in G+ that provides a positive charge) = glycerol + phosphate + sugar + amino acid (alanine or glucose)
  • Lacks lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
  • Penicillin sensitive Gram negative cell wall - correct answers - Straight thin layer of peptidoglycan w/outer membrane (barrier to transport) and thick periplasmic space = more permeable than plasma membrane due to porin proteins
  • Lacks teichoic acid
  • Contains lipopolysaccharide (antigen in G- that provides negative charge)
  • Penicillin resistant
  • Strengthened by Braun's lipoprotein

COMBINED QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT

AND VERIFIED ANSWERS [SCORE A]

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - correct answers Contains lipid A (2 glucosamine derivatives, each with fatty acids + phosphate/pyrophosphate) + O-side chain (polysaccharide chain outwards from core; recognized by host antibodies) + polysaccharide (sugar) core

  • Give overall negative charge to cell surface
  • Stabilizes membrane structure
  • Can act as endotoxin Periplasmic space - correct answers Gram negative = area between plasma membrane and outer membrane = THICK
  • Functions: peptidoglycan synthesis, nutrient acquisition & modification of toxic compounds Gram positive = area between cell membrane and peptidoglycans that contains exoenzymes = THIN Capsule and slime layers of prokaryotes - correct answers - Sticky layer (mucoid) made of polysaccharide and/or protein
  • Function: Adherence, resistance to desiccation/phagocytosis, motility Fimbrae and pili of prokaryotes - correct answers Short, hair-like structures only found in G- cells
  • Used for attachment (adhesion protein), invasion, nutrient uptake