Download Microbiology (BIOL 211) Final Study Guide 2025: Questions & Answers for a High Score and more Exams Microbiology in PDF only on Docsity!
Microbiology(BIOL 211) Final Study Guide 2025
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS GET YOUR HIGH SCORE
The resolving power of a microscope is described as the ability of the microscope to?
Separate clearly two objects that are very close together
Which of the following is (are) the correct way to write a scientific name?
A) Staphylococcus a.
B) Staphylococcus aureus
C) Staphylococcus Aureus
D) S. Aureus
E) None of the above
B) Staphylococcus aureus
The scientist usually considered the first to see microorganisms, which he called "animalcules", was?
Van Leeuwenhoek
Bacteria have been used to help produce of modify all of the following food products except?
A) peanuts
B) cheeses
C) beer and wine
D) pickled products
E) bread
A) peanuts
Which of the following microscope types would be least useful in viewing unstained living cells?
A) Phase contrast
B) Confocal
C) Bright-field
D) Dark-field
B) Confocal
Microorganisms are involved in all of the following except
A) production of medicinal products
B) converting oxygen to a form useful to plants
C) food production
D) pollution cleanup
E) converting nitrogen to a form useful to plants
B) converting oxygen to a form useful to plants
What stain is considered differential?
Gram stain
What stain is useful for distinguishing a small group of organisms, including Mycobacterium?
prokaryotes
Which domain does not contain microbes that are pathogenic to humans?
Archaea
Microbial death rates may be affected by
pH, temperature, and the presence of organics
What is not true about capsules?
Capsules take up stain well
The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria
Contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan and techoic acid
The cell wall of Gram-Negative bacteria
Is characterized by an outer membrane containing LPS and has a thin peptidoglycan layer
The cytoplasmic membrane of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes function to
regulate movement of molecules that enter and leave the cell
Endotoxin
A) consists of lipopolysaccharide
B) determines bacterial shape
C) may have different effects depending on the bacterial source
D) is toxic due to the effects of the peptide side chains
E) is found in gram-positive cells
A) Consists of lipopolysaccharide
Movement in bacteria
is often referred to as run and tumble and may involve pili
Endospores are
a dormant cell type
The process of killing or removing ALL of the microorganisms in or on a material is
Sterilization
A common environmental organism that may even grow in certain chemical disinfectants is
What is MOST effective against resistant endospores
Autoclaving
What has been shown to be, or may be due to, a bacterial infection?
Diseases such as ulcers and cardiovascular disease
Bacillus and clostridium are medically relevant groups of bacteria that characteristically stain acid-fast.
True or false
False
Which two scientists were involved in investigating the idea of spontaneous generation?
Redi and Pasteur
What is FALSE regarding hydrogen peroxide?
It immediately kills all bacteria when applied to a wound
Prokaryotes typically DO NOT contain
a nuclear membrane
Cellulose is a major component of plants and is only directly digested by:
Microorganisms
The endospores of Pseudomonas make that organism very difficult to kill.
True or false
False
What does bioremediation refer to
Using bacteria to clean up pollutants
Commercial canning processes are designed to ensure the destruction of what?
Endospores
Aseptically boxed juices and cream containers are processed using what heating methods
Ultra-high-temp (UHT) method
What is not routinely used to preserve foods
high concentration of sugar
An advantage of the smaller size of prokaryotes, compared to eukaryotes, is
high surface area relative to low cell volume AND more rapid growth rates
What readily reacts with organics to produce potentially carcinogenic trihalomethanes AND is an effective, inexpensive, disinfectant able to destroy all types of microorganisms
Chlorine
A term synonymous with antibody is
immunoglobulin
According to the clonal selection theory
A) antibodies are modified, at the time of antigen exposure, to specifically react with the antigen
B) self-reactive T cells are killed in the thymus
C) each B cell is already programmed to produce a specific antibody
D) B cells producing autoantibodies are eliminated in the thymus.
C) each B cell is already programmed to produce a specific antibody
What is a form of cell suicide?
Apoptosis
CD4 T cells are often
A) Helper cells
B) Cytotoxic cells
C) Antigen Presenting Cells
D) T suppressor cells
A) Helper cells
CD4+ T cells recognize
peptide displayed on MHC class II molecules
CD8+ T cells recognize
Peptide displayed on MHC class I molecules
Celle wall components such as lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, flagella, and viral dsRNA molecules are examples of
pathogen-associated molecular pattersn
Factors that work generally and lack specificity and memory against any foreign substance entering the host are described as
thymus
T-independent antigens include
LPS, Flagella, and dsRNA
The first class of antibody produced during a primary immune response
IgM
The immunoglobulin monomer consists of
2 heavy and 2 light chains
The immunoglobulin that is important in allergic reactions is
IgE
The leukocyte that contains histamine is
Basophil
The portion of an antibody that specifically-binds an epitope
antigen binding site
The process of blood cell formation occurs in the bone marrow:
Hematopoiesis
THe variable region of an antibody occurs
on both heavy and light chains
There are how many classes of antibody?
5
There are three possible pathways that initiate complement, however they all eventually activate which important enzyme?
C3 convertase
This class of antibody is the most abundant in serum and is also transfers from the maternal placenta to the developing fetus:
IgG
Which antibody is typically found as a dimer
IgA
Which type of effector cells respond to intracellular antigens and induce infected cells to undergo apoptosis
cytotoxic T cells
A disease-causing microorganism or virus is referred to as a(n)
pathogen
What is involved in the first step of the infectious process
Adhesins
An association where one organism benefits at the expense of the other organism is called?
parasitism
Bacteria may survive phagocytosis by
lysing the phagosome
The composition of the normal flora may be affected by
Diet, antibiotics and obesity
The connection between a particular organism and a specific disease was first made by
Koch
What is the number of microbes required necessary to cause infection
Infectious dose
The population of microorganisms routinely found growing on the body of healthy individuals is called
normal microbiota
The series of steps used to connect an organism to a disease are known as
Koch's postulates
The suffix - emia means in the
blood
The symbiotic relationship wherein both partners benefit is termed
mutualism
what factor is NOT considered important for the establishment of an infection
All members of the penicillin family have
beta-lactam rings
Antibiotics that affect various strains of Gram-positive bacteria and various strains of Gram-negative bacteria are called
broad spectrum
Antimicrobials may produce
toxic effects, allergic reactions, and suppression of normal flora
Antimicrobials that inhibit the growth of microorganisms have the suffix
Antimicrobials that kill microorganisms have the suffix
What organisms are unable to cause disease?
Avirulent organisms
Colds are effectively treated with
A) antibiotics
B) aspirin and acetaminophen
C) proteases
E)NONE
E) NONE
Enlargement of what structures may contribute to ear infections by interfering with normal drainage from eustachian tubes
adenoids
Humans are the only source of the cold virus.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
If drugs are less effective when taken together than when each is taken separately, they are called
antagonistic
Inhibitors of proteins synthesis typically key on
ribosomes
