Microbiome - Applied Microbiology - Lecture Slides, Slides of Microbiology

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The Human Microbiome

There are ten times more microbial cells found in association with

the human body than there are cells in the body. The total number

of genes associated with the human microbiome could exceed the

total number of human genes by 100-fold

Linnaeus 1735 2 kingdoms

Haeckel 1866 3 kingdoms

Chatton 1925 2 empires

Copeland 1938 4 kingdoms

Whittaker 1969 [4] 5 kingdoms

Woese et al. 1977 6 kingdoms

Woese et al. 1990 3 domains

Cavalier-Smith 2004 6 kingdoms

(not treated) Protista

Prokaryota Monera Monera

Eubacteria Bacteria

Archae-^ Bacteria bacteria Archaea

Protoctista

Protoctista Protista Protista

Eukarya

Protozoa

Chromista

Vegetabilia Plantae

Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae

Fungi Fungi Fungi Fungi

Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia

The various versions of high level taxonomic systems

: Animalia, Protozoa, Fungi, Plantae

(including red and green algae), Chromista

and Bacteria.[19]

Birth

15 months

EARLY DEVELOPMENT

Firmicute bacteria dominate at birth and for the first few months

Microbial development in a human baby’s large intestine in the first 15 months after birth.

EARLY DEVELOPMENT

Acinetobacter are strictly aerobic nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli. They show preponderantly a coccobacillary morphology on nonselective agar. Rods predominate in fluid media, especially during early growth. The morphology of Acinetobacter sp. can be quite variable in Gram-stained human clinical specimens, and cannot be used to differentiate Acinetobacter from other common causes of infection.

EARLY DEVELOPMENT

The phylum Bacteroidetes is composed of three large classes of bacteria that are widely distributed in the environment, including in soil, in sediments, sea water and in the guts and on the skin of animals.

By far, the ones in the Bacteroidia class are the most well-studied, including the genus Bacteroides (an abundant organism in the feces of warm-blooded animals including humans), and Porphyromonas , a group of organisms inhabiting the human oral cavity.

EARLY DEVELOPMENT

Verrucomicrobia is a recently described phylum of bacteria. This phylum contains only a few described species ( Verrucomicrobium spinosum , is an example, the phylum is named after this).

The species identified have been isolated from fresh water and soil environments and human feces. A number of as-yet uncultivated species have been identified in association with eukaryotic hosts including extrusive explosive ectosymbionts of protists and endosymbionts of nematodes residing in their gametes.

While verrucae is another name for the warts often found on hands and feet, this phylum is so called not because it is a causative agent thereof, but because of its wart-like morphology.

EARLY DEVELOPMENT

In the taxonomy of microorganisms, the Euryarchaeota are a phylum of the Archaea.

The Euryarchaeota include the methanogens, which produce methane and are often found in intestines, the halobacteria, which survive extreme concentrations of salt, and some extremely thermophilic aerobes and anaerobes.

They are separated from the other archaeans based mainly on rRNA sequences.

• The Skin
• The Eye
• The Mouth
• The Upper Respiratory Tract
• The Digestive Tract
  • The Stomach
  • The Colon
  • The Urogenital Tract
  • The Effects of Antibiotics

Skin Microbiome

Distribution of 2,038 16S rDNA clones from left and right forearm, by phylum. At the first sampling, 1,221 clones were obtained from the six subjects, and 817 clones were later obtained from four of these six. Thus, in total, 2,038 clones were studied, with percents amongst the 10 phyla indicated by the color designations. For the four individuals sampled twice (subjects T1 and T2), there was little difference in the overall phylum distribution between the two time points.

Molecular analysis of human forearm superficial skin bacterial biota. Gao Z, Tseng CH, Pei Z, Blaser MJ. Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.

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