Download Midterm (Chapters 1 - 6) | GEO 122 - World Regional Geography and more Quizzes Political Geography in PDF only on Docsity!
Geography
discipline that studies spatial patterns in the human and physical world TERM 2
Physical geography
DEFINITION 2 includes natural environmental processes across Earth's surface that result in distribution of climate varieties, plant ecologies, soil types, mountain formation, and river action, among other patterns TERM 3
Human geography
DEFINITION 3 study of the distribution of people and their activities (economics, cultures, politics, and urban changes) TERM 4
World regional geography
DEFINITION 4 integrative analysis of the relationship between human geography and physical geography; evaluates differences and similarities within and between defined areas on Earth's surface TERM 5
Spatial view
DEFINITION 5 geographic view that focuses on differences among places
Place
point or area on Earth's surface having a geographic character defined by what it looks like, what people do there, and how they feel about it TERM 7
Location
DEFINITION 7 how places are identified on the globe TERM 8
Absolute
location
DEFINITION 8 precise position of places on Earth's surface; universally accepted means of determining this is by calculating latitude and longitude TERM 9
Latitude
DEFINITION 9 describes how far north or south of the equator a place is, measured in degrees TERM 10
Parallel of latitude
DEFINITION 10 circle that joins places of the same latitude at Earth's surface
Friction of distance
relative difficulty of moving from one place to another, which increases with kilometers/miles, cost, or travel time relationship between travel and difficulty of travel TERM 17
Scale
DEFINITION 17 way to recognize that places range in size from small to large (especially on a map) TERM 18
Maps
DEFINITION 18 human created representations of areas on Earth's surface TERM 19
Geographic information systems (GIS)
DEFINITION 19 combine maps and aerial and satellite images with data relevant to the area TERM 20
Spatial analysis
DEFINITION 20 study of linkages between places at Earth's surface, often in terms of points, lines, and areas, together with statistical associations
Region
area of Earth's surface with physical and human characteristics that distinguish it from other places TERM 22
Nodes
DEFINITION 22 places where flows begin, intersect, or end TERM 23
Global choke points
DEFINITION 23 point at which surface transportation routes converge that is vulnerable to control by the country in which it occurs examples: Suez Canal (Egypt), Strait of Hormuz (Iran) TERM 24
Globalization
DEFINITION 24 increasing level of interconnection among people and places throughout the world Features: spread of ideas, technologies, crime, diseases; flows of goods and services; human mobility; shifts in dominant ideologies, especially religious or political beliefs; access to and availability of images and messages through the media of TV, film, Internet, and print; uncontrollable negatives Measured by: political engagement indicators; technology measures; personal contact indicators; economic integration measures TERM 25
Localization
DEFINITION 25 established local identities existing prior to the intrusion of globalization forces Features: political nationalism; separatist groups; customs and practices; ethnic and religious differences; resistance to the visible economic penetration
Climate
long term atmospheric condition that makes it more or less habitable; what you expect an area to be like TERM 32
Greenhouse effect
DEFINITION 32 natural process of heating Earth's atmosphere TERM 33
Tropical
climates
DEFINITION 33 high temperatures through the year with short winters, if any TERM 34
Subtropical and temperate
climates
DEFINITION 34 marked seasonal temperature differences between summer and winter TERM 35
Polar
climates
DEFINITION 35 extremely cold through the year
Global warming
process by which average temperatures in Earth's atmosphere rise over a period of several decades or centuries, leading to the melting of ice masses and a rising sea level; presently concerned about carbon gases being emitted by humans by burning coal, oil, and gasoline TERM 37
Relief
DEFINITION 37 natural environment of continental surfaces forms the height and slope of the land, such as mountains, valleys, and plains TERM 38
Tectonic plates
DEFINITION 38 large blocks of surface rock that crash into each other or move apart, caused by the internal heat of Earth's hot, molten core; six major and several minor TERM 39
Weathering
DEFINITION 39 action of atmospheric forces (through water circulation and temperature changes) on rocks at Earth's surface that breaks the rocks into fragments, particles, and dissolved chemicals TERM 40
Erosion
DEFINITION 40 concentrated flows of water or ice and rock particles in rivers and glaciers gouge valleys in the rocks
Natural resources
naturally occurring materials that human societies identify as resources by their technological and cultural usefulness and their economic viability TERM 47
Renewable resource
DEFINITION 47 naturally replenished, including fertile soils, water, minerals in rocks, solar energy TERM 48
Nonrenewable resources
DEFINITION 48 exhaustible resources that are in demand because to technological advances or new and increased demands, such as fossil fuels TERM 49
Natural hazards
DEFINITION 49 volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, hurricanes, and other storms, river and coastal floods, and coastal erosions that pose difficulties and challenges for human settlement TERM 50
Kyoto Protocol
DEFINITION 50 statement adopted by the United Nations Convention on Climate Change in 1997, setting targets for reducing primary greenhouse gases
Population density
numbers of people per given area TERM 52
Physiological density
DEFINITION 52 measures the population numbers per unit of cultivatable land TERM 53
Population-resource ratio
DEFINITION 53 measures the quantity and quality of each area's material resources and technical ability of its population TERM 54
Rural area
DEFINITION 54 land outside urbanized areas, often having economic emphasis on farming, mining, and/or forestry; such areas may dominate population distribution in materially poorer countries TERM 55
Urban areas
DEFINITION 55 area with high densities of people, buildings, transportation linkages, and human activities of a high economic, political, and cultural order; dominate population distribution in materially wealthy countires
Zero population growth
total fertility rate is equal to 2. TERM 62
Crude death rate
(CDR)
DEFINITION 62 number of deaths per year per 1,000 inhabitants per year in a given populations TERM 63
Infant mortality
DEFINITION 63 specifically counts those who die in the first year of life TERM 64
Child mortality
DEFINITION 64 specifically those who die in the first five years of life TERM 65
Demographic transition
DEFINITION 65 process in which the population of a materially poor countries moves from high birth and death rates toward the low birth and death rates of materially wealthier countries, through a period of high birth rates and low death rates, when the population increases rapidly
Migration
long term movement of people into or out of a place TERM 67
Population doubling time
DEFINITION 67 time in years it taken to double the number of people in a place TERM 68
Country State
DEFINITION 68 self-governing political unit having sovereignty within its borders and recognized by others TERM 69
Nation
DEFINITION 69 group of people who share a common identity TERM 70
Ethnic group
DEFINITION 70 set of shared cultural characteristics, no sense of unity and do not wish to govern themselves
Governance
includes bodies that seek to legislate for and regulate aspects of human activities that are outside the powers of sovereign countires TERM 77
Nongovernmental organizations
DEFINITION 77 aid bodies that assume responsibilities for government-like activities, such as disaster relief TERM 78
Economic geographers
DEFINITION 78 study material wealth and poverty, how resources are utilized and scarce goods are produced, spatial patterns that result TERM 79
Gross domestic product (GDP)
DEFINITION 79 total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year; creation of wealth in a particular country TERM 80
Gross national product (GNP) Gross national
income (GNI)
DEFINITION 80 adds the roll of foreign transactions to GDP
Purchasing power parity
(PPP)
measure of GNI or GDP that is based on internal country costs of living rather than external exchange rates related to the US dollar TERM 82
Human development index (HDI)
DEFINITION 82 broader estimate of human well-being, incorporating statistics calculated from life-expectancy, education attainment and health, as well as income; comfort level, what do people have access to? based on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs TERM 83
Human poverty index (HPI)
DEFINITION 83 composite index based on factors that strike balances between individual material poverty and public provision for such needs, and between relevant and available data TERM 84
Primary production
DEFINITION 84 sector of an economy that produces output from natural sources, including mining, forestry, fishing, and farming TERM 85
Secondary production
DEFINITION 85 sector of an economy that changes the raw materials from the primary sector into useful products, thus increasing their value, as in chewing gum or parts for airplanes
Offshore financial centers
(OFC)
individuals and businesses save money by moving their financial assets TERM 92
Global city-regions
DEFINITION 92 region that is dominated by one or more cities with major involvement in the global economy TERM 93
Cultural geography
DEFINITION 93 study of spatial variations in cultural characteristics, such as material traits, social structures, and belief systems TERM 94
Language
DEFINITION 94 means of communication among people, including speech, writing, and signing TERM 95
Religion
DEFINITION 95 organized set of practices that professes to explain our existence and purpose on Earth
Universalizing religions
religion that seeks to be global in its application Christianity, Islam, Buddhism seek to convert followers TERM 97
Ethnic religions
DEFINITION 97 religion that is a matter of birth, closely tied to family and region Hinduism and Judaism TERM 98
Diaspora
DEFINITION 98 dispersed community comprised of close-knit groups; Jewish TERM 99
Race
DEFINITION 99 biological differences between people TERM 100
Class
DEFINITION 100 stratification of society that is imposed through combinations of religious, economic, and social criteria
