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When is Mitosis Used?
^ the # of somatic (body) cells Replace damaged cells asexual reproduction (bacteria) TERM 2
When are Chromosomes Visible?
DEFINITION 2 During cell % TERM 3
Define Mitosis
DEFINITION 3 "nuclear division" process of cell % when the daughter cell is identical to the parent TERM 4
What is a Centromere?
DEFINITION 4 a constructed middle region that joins 2 chromatids TERM 5
What is a Kinetochore?
DEFINITION 5 a disc of proteins within the centromere that bind to microtubules (spindle fibers) each centromere has 2 kinetochores
What is a chromatid, and in which phase is it
duplicated?
the "arms" of a chromosome chromatid is duplicated during interphase into 2 identical arms called "sister chromatids" TERM 7
What is cytokinesis and when does it occur?
DEFINITION 7 % of cytoplasm occurs after mitosis TERM 8
What are the phases of Mitosis?
DEFINITION 8 "PMAT" Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase TERM 9
Prophase
DEFINITION 9 centrosomes and centrioles are copied disintegration of nucleoli breakdown of nuclear envelope spindle fibers attach to centromeres chromatin coils to form chromosomes asters are formed TERM 10
Metaphase
DEFINITION 10 chromosomes align at the center of the cell Each kinetochore is attached to microtubules
What are the Stages of Interphase?
G
S
G
TERM 17
What happens in Interphase?
DEFINITION 17 organelles and centrosomes duplicate DNA replicatea Chromatin is visible TERM 18
G1 of Interphase
DEFINITION 18 interval b/t cell % and DNA replication RNA, Ribosomes and enzymes are made TERM 19
S of Interphase
DEFINITION 19 centrioles and DNA duplicates to form sister chromatids TERM 20
G2 of Interphase
DEFINITION 20 Interval between DNAreplicationand cell % spindles and asters are formed DNA errors are repaired
G0 of Interphase
stage where cells stop %ing TERM 22
What are Checkpoints?
DEFINITION 22 pauses during the cell cycle where the cell checks to make sure the cell is properly prepared to enter the next step TERM 23
What are the 3 Checkpoints?
DEFINITION 23 G1 Checkpoint: at the end of G1. Confirms environ is suitable for replication. Many cells enter G0 here G2 Checkpoint: at the end of G2. Confirms DNA is repaired and fully replicated before entering mitosis Metaphase Checkpoint: occurs during metaphase. Ensures chromosomes are attached properly to spindles before they separate during anaphase TERM 24
What Enzymes are involved in the Cell Cycle
Regulation?
DEFINITION 24 cyclins-dependent kinases (Cdks) TERM 25
What proteins are involved in the Cell Cycle
Regulation?
DEFINITION 25 cyclins
Haploid Cells
1 set of chromosomes 23 chromosomes total ex) gametes TERM 32
What process re-establishes diploid number?
DEFINITION 32 Fertilization TERM 33
Stages of Meiosis
DEFINITION 33 Prophase 1 Metaphase 1 Anaphase 1 Telophase 1 Prophase 2 Metaphase 2 Anaphase 2 Telophase 2 TERM 34
During which phase of Meiosis do Bivalents
form?
DEFINITION 34 Prophase 1 bivalents have 4 chromatids TERM 35
During which phase of Meiosis does crossing-
over occur?
DEFINITION 35 Prophase 1
During which phase of Meiosis do bivalents
align at the spindle equator?
Metaphase 1 TERM 37
During which phase of Meiosis do dyads align
at the spindle equator?
DEFINITION 37 Metaphase 2 dyads have 2 chromatids TERM 38
After which phase of Meiosis will there be 2
haploid daughter cells made?
DEFINITION 38 Telophase 1 TERM 39
During which phase of meiosis do
homologous chromosomes separate?
DEFINITION 39 Anaphase 1 TERM 40
After which phase of Meiosis will there be 4
haploid daughter cells?
DEFINITION 40 Telophase 2
