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MLT |! 243 |! - |! Exam |! 1 |! with |! correct |! detailed
|! solutions
In |! performing |! routine |! quality |! control |! on |! a |! particular |! laboratory |! test, |! a |! high-quality |! control |! value |! is |! obtained |! that |! changes |! the |! mean. |! What |! type |! of |! change |! does |! this |! represent? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔shift What |! does |! the |! acronym |! RACE |! stand |! for? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔rescue, |! alarm, |! contain, |! extinguish A |! patient |! under |! isolation |! precautions |! is |! being |! transported |! to |! the |! x-ray |! department. |! He |! has |! no |! mask |! on |! and |! sneezes |! in |! the |! elevator. |! This |! scenario |! is |! an |! example |! of |! what |! type |! of |! hazard? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Chain-of- infection |! hazard A |! coworker |! says |! she |! has |! an |! allergy |! to |! latex. |! As |! her |! supervisor, |! what |! should |! you |! advise |! her |! to |! do? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Wear |! gloves |! made |! of |! an |! alternative |! material. A |! blood |! spill |! occurs |! in |! the |! immunology |! laboratory. |! What |! should |! you |! do? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Make |! a |! 1:10 |! solution |! of |! bleach |! and |! wash |! the |! area. What |! is |! the |! most |! appropriate |! laboratory |! safety |! wear? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Fluid-resistant |! laboratory |! gown |! with |! wrist |! cuffs
Which |! part |! of |! a |! quality |! management |! program |! involves |! the |! use |! of |! external |! controls? |! How |! should |! you |! wash |! your |! hands |! after |! removing |! gloves? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Wash |! your |! hands |! with |! soap |! for |! at |! least |! 20 |! seconds. Which |! part |! of |! a |! quality |! management |! program |! involves |! the |! use |! of |! external |! controls? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Examination What |! is |! the |! proper |! concentration |! of |! sodium |! hypochlorite |! needed |! to |! disinfect |! your |! bench |! station? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1: What |! is |! the |! best |! procedure |! for |! removing |! gloves |! when |! leaving |! the |! laboratory? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Take |! gloves |! off |! and |! wash |! hands. How |! should |! you |! pack |! specimens |! for |! transport? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Place |! them |! in |! a |! metal |! leak-proof |! box |! upright |! in |! a |! sealed |! internal |! container |! or |! bag. The |! Centers |! for |! Disease |! Control |! and |! Prevention |! developed |! standard |! precautions |! using |! the |! assumption |! that: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔all |! patients |! are |! potentially |! infected |! or |! carriers |! of |! transmittable |! organisms, |! so |! appropriate |! precautions |! need |! to |! be |! followed. Where |! should |! you |! dispose |! of |! blood-soaked |! gauze |! pads? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Red |! biohazard |! bag
On |! a |! serial |! dilution |! with |! the |! following |! tubes |! set |! up, |! 1:2, |! 1:4, |! 1:8, |! 1:16, |! 1:32, |! & |! 1:64, |! there |! is |! no |! visible |! agglutination |! in |! the |! 1:64 |! tube. |! What |! is |! the |! titer? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 32 If |! there |! will |! be |! an |! unavoidable |! 4-hour |! delay |! before |! a |! serum |! sample |! can |! be |! tested, |! the |! sample |! should |! be |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Refrigerated |! between |! 2C |! and |! 8C The |! probability |! that |! a |! person |! with |! a |! positive |! screening |! test |! actually |! has |! the |! disease |! screened |! for |! is |! called |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Positive |! predictive |! value A |! patients |! serum |! must |! be |! added |! to |! a |! series |! of |! test |! tubes, |! but |! a |! different |! volume |! of |! serum |! must |! be |! added |! to |! each |! tube. |! If |! a |! single |! pipette |! is |! used, |! what |! kind |! is |! it? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Graduated To |! prepare |! 70mL |! of |! a |! 10% |! solution |! of |! acetic |! acid, |! how |! much |! acetic |! acid |! is |! needed? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔7mL What |! type |! of |! pipette |! must |! be |! blown |! own |! to |! deliver |! exact |! volume |! of |! liquid? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Serological If |! 0.9mL |! of |! saline |! is |! added |! to |! 0.1mL |! of |! serum |! what |! does |! the |! 0.9mL |! represent? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! diluent
If |! you |! want |! to |! make |! a |! 4mL |! of |! a |! 1:20 |! dilution, |! how |! much |! serum |! would |! be |! needed? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔0.2mL A |! blowout |! pipette |! would |! be |! labeled |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔TC Serology |! is |! the |! study |! of |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! liquid |! components |! in |! the |! blood, |! especially |! antibodies. A |! new |! assay |! is |! used |! to |! test |! 120 |! samples |! from |! patients |! with |! a |! clinically |! confirmed |! diagnosis |! of |! the |! relevant |! infection |! and |! 50 |! samples |! from |! healthy |! control |! subjects. |! The |! test |! results |! were |! positive |! for |! 90 |! of |! the |! infected |! and |! 10 |! of |! the |! healthy |! controls. Calculate |! the |! positive |! predictive |! value |! of |! the |! assay |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔90% Identify |! the |! characteristic |! of |! associated |! with |! noncompetitive |! enzyme |! immunoassays |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔They |! are |! less |! sensitive |! than |! agglutination |! reactions A |! good |! enzyme |! for |! use |! in |! an |! immunoassay |! should |! have |! a |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔High |! substrate |! conversion |! rate Quenching |! the |! signal |! emitted |! by |! the |! label |! is |! of |! particular |! concern |! in |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Chemiluminescent |! immunoassays
Which |! assay |! format |! is |! the |! best |! choice |! for |! measuring |! small |! molecules, |! such |! as |! drugs |! and |! small |! peptide |! hormones? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Fluorescence |! polarization Extremely |! high |! analysts |! concentrations |! can |! cause |! false-negative |! results |! (hook |! effect) |! in |! which |! type |! of |! assay? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Heterogeneous |! noncompetitive Which |! assay |! format |! has |! the |! lowest |! equipment |! cost? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Immunochromatography Pregnancy |! testing |! can |! be |! performed |! at |! home |! using |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Immunochromatography Point |! of |! care |! testing |! is |! performed |! easily |! using |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Immunochromatographic |! assay An |! immunoassay |! performed |! in |! the |! following |! manner |! to |! look |! for |! an |! antigen |! (Ag) |! in |! the |! patient |! serum: |! patient |! serum |! + |! labeled |! Ag |! * |! known |! antibody |! (Ab) |! are |! added |! together |! and |! incubated. |! Unbound |! material |! is |! washed |! off. |! The |! amount |! of |! labeled |! Ag |! is |! then |! measured. |! What |! assay |! is |! performed? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Competitive What |! assay |! poses |! the |! greatest |! risk |! to |! biohazards? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Radioimmunoassay
In |! the |! following |! equation, |! what |! is |! the |! ratio |! of |! bound |! radioactive |! () |! antigen |! to |! bound |! patient |! antigen |! (w:x)? 8Ag |! + |! 4Ag |! + |! 6Ab——>(w)AgAb |! + |! (x) |! AgAb |! + |! (y) |! Ag |! + |! (z) |! Ag |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔2: You |! must |! choose |! between |! two |! widely |! accepted |! commonly |! used |! colorimetric |! enzyme |! immunoassay |! kits |! to |! measure |! a |! plasma |! protein |! that |! circulates |! at |! a |! moderately |! high |! concentration. |! Each |! kit |! uses |! a |! different |! enzyme |! and |! substrate. |! What |! is |! the |! most |! important |! consideration |! in |! making |! your |! choice? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Wavelengths |! detected |! by |! microtiter |! plate |! reader In |! a |! capture |! assay |! to |! determine |! the |! presence |! of |! a |! viral |! antigen |! in |! a |! patient |! sample, |! which |! of |! the |! following |! would |! be |! on |! solid |! phase? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Unlabeled |! antibody Compared |! to |! heterogenous |! assay, |! homogenous |! assay |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Is |! easier |! to |! adapt |! to |! automation Compared |! with |! a |! capture |! assay, |! a |! radioimmunoassay |! is |! like |! to |! be |! more |! advantageous |! in |! terms |! of |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Detecting |! small |! molecules Extremely |! high |! analyte |! concentrations |! can |! causes |! false-negative |! results |! (hook |! effect) |! in |! which |! type |! of |! assay? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Heterogeneous |! noncompetitive
The |! primary |! function |! of |! colony |! stimulating |! factors |! (CSFs) |! is |! to |! promote |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Hematopoiesis What |! is |! the |! main |! function |! of |! chemokines |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Establish |! a |! concentration |! gradient |! to |! guide |! cell |! movement Which |! cells |! are |! primary |! producers |! of |! IL-1? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Macrophages What |! is |! the |! function |! of |! IL-7 |! in |! the |! innate |! immune |! response? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Recruiting |! neutrophils |! to |! the |! site |! of |! infection Eryhtropoietin |! regulates |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Bone |! marrow |! cell |! differentiation Which |! type |! of |! cytokine |! acts |! as |! the |! best |! defense |! against |! gram-negative |! bacteria? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔TNF Multiple |! cytokines |! are |! activated |! to |! cause |! similar |! biological |! effects. |! What |! is |! this |! process |! called? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Redundancy Which |! of |! the |! following |! would |! be |! an |! effective |! therapy |! for |! rheumatoid |! arthritis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Antibodies |! against |! TNF |! receptors The |! main |! target |! of |! IL-3 |! is |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Stem |! cells
Which |! of |! the |! following |! complement |! components |! has |! chemotactic |! activity? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔C3a C5b6789 |! functions |! in |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Target |! cell |! lysis Which |! complement |! receptor |! is |! found |! on |! mature |! B |! cells? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔CR Which |! of |! the |! following |! immunoglobulins |! is |! able |! to |! activate |! complement? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔IgM Identify |! the |! alternative |! pathway |! trigger |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Fungal |! cell |! walls A |! patient |! has |! an |! abnormal |! alternative |! pathway |! activation |! pattern. |! Which |! of |! the |! following |! complement |! proteins |! should |! be |! assessed |! to |! further |! investigate |! the |! problem? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔C In |! the |! alternative |! pathway, |! factor |! B |! must |! bind |! to |! which |! of |! the |! following |! to |! initiate |! cascade? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔C3b Which |! complement |! factor |! polymerizes |! to |! cause |! lysis |! to |! a |! foreign |! cell? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔C
Which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! an |! important |! function |! of |! the |! complement |! system? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Clearance |! of |! antigen-antibody |! complexes What |! reagent |! is |! present |! in |! a |! CH50 |! assay |! and |! absent |! in |! an |! AH50 |! assay? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Calcium A |! decreased |! CH50 |! and |! a |! decreased |! AH50 |! would |! indicate |! a |! low |! amount |! of |! which |! of |! the |! following |! complement |! components? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔C The |! C3 |! convertase |! of |! the |! alternative |! pathway |! of |! complement |! activation |! is |!
- |! Correct |! answer |! ✔C3bBbP The |! membrane |! attack |! unit |! of |! complement |! is |! represented |! by |! which |! of |! the |! following? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔C5b Which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! characteristic |! of |! complement? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔It |! plays |! a |! role |! in |! the |! lysis |! of |! target |! cells |! coated |! with |! specific |! antibodies Which |! factor |! is |! unique |! to |! the |! lectin |! pathway? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Mannose- binding |! protein C5a |! promotes |! which |! of |! the |! following |! actions? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Increased |! vascular |! permeability
Which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! the |! correct |! order |! of |! activation |! of |! complement |! in |! the |! lectin |! activation |! pathway? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔MBL, |! C4, |! C2, |! C Which |! of |! the |! following |! can |! activate |! the |! alternative |! complement |! pathway? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔C3b The |! visibility |! of |! an |! agglutination |! reaction |! involving |! IgG |! can |! be |! enhanced |! by |! adjusting |! which |! factor? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Adding |! anti-human |! Fc The |! AFFINITY |! of |! antigen-antibody |! binding |! is |! influenced |! by |! which |! of |! the |! following? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔How |! well |! the |! antigen |! fits |! into |! the |! binding |! site |! on |! Fab Based |! on |! the |! following |! equilibrium |! constants |! which |! assay |! would |! have |! the |! best |! sensitivity? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔K= The |! measurement |! of |! light |! scattered |! at |! an |! angle |! by |! the |! antigen-antibody |! complexes |! in |! a |! solution |! called |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Nephelometry A |! radial |! immunodiffusion |! Test |! is |! run |! for |! 72 |! hours. |! The |! concentration |! of |! the |! antigen |! is |! then |! calculated |! using |! the |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Square |! of |! the |! diameter |! of |! the |! precipitation |! ring The |! agglutination |! reaction |! the |! antibody |! isotype |! that |! most |! effectively |! overcomes |! the |! electrostatic |! repulsion |! between |! particles |! is |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔IgM
A |! patient's |! serum |! sample |! is |! added |! to |! a |! solution |! containing |! particulate |! antigen, |! but |! no |! agglutination |! observed. |! What |! should |! be |! done |! next? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Perform |! serial |! dilutions |! of |! the |! sample If |! a |! serum |! sample |! does |! not |! cause |! agglutination |! when |! mixed |! with |! a |! particular |! antigen |! then |! you |! should |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Test |! a |! more |! diluted |! sample |! to |! overcome |! possible |! prozone |! effects Which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! true |! of |! reverse |! agglutination |! test? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Antibody |! is |! attached |! to |! particles When |! a |! patient's |! red |! blood |! cells |! combine |! with |! anti-A |! typing |! serum |! to |! produce |! a |! positive |! result |! this |! reaction |! is |! know |! as |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Hemagglutination If |! an |! Ouchterlony |! immunodiffusion |! pattern |! shows |! an |! arc |! between |! antigens |! A |! and |! B |! with |! and |! extended |! line |! pointing |! to |! antigen |! B |! this |! indicates |! that |! the |! antigens |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Share |! a |! common |! epitope |! with |! A |! being |! a |! more |! complex |! antigen When |! carrier |! particles |! are |! coated |! with |! an |! antigen |! that |! is |! not |! normally |! found |! on |! them, |! this |! is |! known |! as: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔passive |! agglutination The |! end |! point |! of |! radial |! immunodiffusion |! assay |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Is |! read |! after |! antigen-antibody |! equivalence |! is |! reached
Which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! characteristic |! of |! a |! passive |! agglutination |! test? A. |! The |! antigen |! is |! naturally |! found |! on |! particles. B. |! Antigen |! molecules |! are |! artificially |! bound |! to |! particles. C. |! Antibody |! is |! attached |! to |! particles. D. |! The |! antigen-antibody |! reaction |! is |! competitive |! (no |! agglutination |! indicates |! a |! positive |! result). |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔B. |! Antigen |! molecules |! are |! artificially |! bound |! to |! particles. If |! a |! serum |! sample |! does |! not |! cause |! agglutination |! when |! mixed |! with |! a |! particular |! antigen, |! then |! you |! should: A. |! report |! that |! the |! patient |! does |! not |! have |! antibody |! against |! that |! antigen. B. |! test |! a |! more |! diluted |! sample |! to |! overcome |! possible |! prozone |! effects. C. |! increase |! the |! particle |! surface |! charge |! by |! altering |! the |! pH. D. |! decrease |! the |! viscosity |! of |! the |! sample. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔B. |! test |! a |! more |! diluted |! sample |! to |! overcome |! possible |! prozone |! effects Which |! antibody |! has |! the |! highest |! avidity |! for |! an |! antigen? A. |! IgG |! containing |! Fab |! that |! each |! have |! an |! affinity |! of |! 4 N|! 10-8/M B. |! Secretory |! IgA |! containing |! Fab |! that |! each |! have |! an |! affinity |! of |! 4 N|! 10-8/M C. |! IgM |! containing |! Fab |! that |! each |! have |! an |! affinity |! of |! 1 N|! 10-8/M D. |! IgE |! containing |! Fab |! that |! each |! have |! an |! affinity |! of |! 1 N|! 10-9 |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔B. |! Secretory |! IgA |! containing |! Fab |! that |! each |! have |! an |! affinity |! of |! 4 N|! 10-8/M The |! classical |! complement |! pathway |! is |! activated |! by
a. |! C1qrs b. |! C3bD c. |! C3bBb d. |! C4b5a |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔c. |! C3bBb Mannose-binding |! protein |! in |! the |! lectin |! pathway |! is |! most |! similar |! to |! which |! classical |! pathway |! component? a. |! C b. |! C1rs c. |! C1q d. |! C4 |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔c. |! C1q Which |! of |! the |! following |! describes |! the |! role |! of |! properdin |! in |! the |! alternative |! pathway? a. |! Stabilization |! of |! C3/C5 |! convertase b. |! Conversion |! of |! B |! to |! Bb c. |! Inhibition |! of |! C3 |! convertase |! formation d. |! Binding |! and |! cleavage |! of |! Factor |! B |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a. |! Stabilization |! of |! C3/C5 |! convertase Which |! best |! characterizes |! the |! membrane |! attack |! complex |! (MAC)?
a. |! Each |! pathway |! uses |! different |! factors |! to |! form |! it. b. |! C5 |! through |! C9 |! are |! not |! added |! in |! any |! particular |! order. c. |! One |! MAC |! unit |! is |! sufficient |! to |! lyse |! any |! type |! of |! cell. d. |! C9 |! polymerizes |! to |! form |! the |! transmembrane |! channel. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔d. |! C9 |! polymerizes |! to |! form |! the |! transmembrane |! channel. All |! of |! the |! following |! represent |! functions |! of |! the |! complement |! system |! except a. |! decreased |! clearance |! of |! antigen-antibody |! complexes. b. |! lysis |! of |! foreign |! cells. c. |! increase |! in |! vascular |! permeability. d. |! migration |! of |! neutrophils |! to |! the |! tissues. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a. |! decreased |! clearance |! of |! antigen-antibody |! complexes. Which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! true |! of |! the |! amplification |! loop |! in |! complement |! activation? a. |! It |! is |! only |! found |! in |! the |! alternative |! pathway. b. |! The |! membrane |! attack |! unit |! is |! amplified. c. |! C3b |! is |! the |! product |! that |! is |! increased. d. |! Increasing |! amounts |! of |! C1qrs |! are |! produced. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔c. |! C3b |! is |! the |! product |! that |! is |! increased. Factor |! H |! acts |! by |! competing |! with |! which |! of |! the |! following |! for |! the |! same |! binding |! site?
