Download MN 551 PATHO FINAL EXAM||2025-2026|| QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS||A+ GRADE and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity!
MN 551 PATHO FINAL EXAM||2025-2026|| QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS||A+ GRADED
MN 551 PATHO FINAL EXAM
A 32-year-old man is complaining of burning, itching, photophobia, and severe pain in his right eye after swimming in the ocean. To determine that the eye condition is corneal rather than a conjunctival disease, which of the following would be the distinguishing symptom? A.) Burning B.) Itching c.) photophobia D.) Severe pain - ANSWERS-Severe pain A woman with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes has been ordered by her primary care provider to have a hemoglobin A1C test for the first time. The woman states, "I don't see why you want to test my blood cells when it's sugar that's the problem." What aspect of physiology will underlie the care provider's response to the patient? A.)The amount of glucose attached to A1C cells reflects the average blood glucose levels over the life of the cell. B) Hemoglobin synthesis by the bone marrow is inversely proportionate to blood glucose levels, with low A1C indicating hyperglycemia. C) The high metabolic needs of red cells and their affinity for free glucose indicate the amount of glucose that has been available over 6 to 12 weeks.
D) Insulin is a glucose receptor agonist on the hemoglobin molecule, and high glucose suggests low insulin levels. - ANSWERS-The amount of glucose attached to A1C cells reflects the average blood glucose levels over the life of the cell. A 30 year old man with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes is aware of the multiple effects that insulin has on his metabolism. Which of the following physiological processes are actions of insulin? – ANSWERS - Facilitating triglycerides from glucose in fat cells A three-year-old girl has just been diagnosed with type 1A diabetes and her parents are currently receiving education from the diabetes education nurse at the hospital where their daughter is receiving treatment. How can the nurse best explain the etiology of their daughter's health problem to her parents? A.) Environmental and lifestyle factors are known to play a part in the fact that her pancreas secretes and withholds insulin at the wrong times." B.) "This tendency to produce insufficient amounts of insulin is likely something that she inherited."
C.) Myxedema D .) Hypothyroidism - ANSWERS-Hypothyroidism Which of the following statements best captures the role of the adrenal cortex in maintaining homeostasis? Question 1 options: A. Normal sexual function is dependent on adequate adrenal cortical function. B. Redundant, secondary production of adrenal cortical hormones can compensate for the loss of the adrenal glands. C. The adrenal cortical hormones are primarily steroids and sex hormones. D. The adrenal cortex is responsible for the production of epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are part of the sympathetic nervous system. - ANSWERS-The adrenal cortical hormones are primarily steroids and sex hormones.
A three-year-old girl has been diagnosed with amblyopia. Which of the following pathophysiologic processes is most likely to underlie her health problem? Question 2 options: a. The child may have a neural pathway disorder b. She may have been born with infantile cataracts c. The girl may have chronic bacterial conjunctivitis d. The child may have a congenital deficit of rods and/or cones - ANSWERS-She may have been born with infantile cataracts Which of the following statements best describes an aspect of the normal process of glucose metabolism? Question 3 options: a. Glucose that exceeds metabolic needs is converted and stored by the liver. b. Blood glucose levels are kept in a steady state by selective excretion and reuptake by the kidneys. c. Ingested glucose that is not needed for cellular metabolism circulates in the blood until it is taken up to meet cellular needs. d. Blood glucose levels are primarily a result of the timing, quantity, and character of food
A 4-year-old boy has had otitis media with effusion (OME) for several weeks and his condition has recently progressed to acute otitis media (AOM). Which of the following factors could have contributed to his AOM? Question 5 options: Exposure to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Sensorineural deficits in the auditory control apparatus Accumulation of cerumen in the external acoustic meatus A deficiency in immunoglobulin G Reflux of fluid from the boy's nose into his middle ear – ANSWERS - Reflux of fluid from theboy's nose into his middle ear During descent, an airplane passenger is complaining that his "ears are plugged." What aspect of the structure and function of the ear best accounts for the passenger's complaint? Question 6 options: Air must be able to flow between the middle ear and the nasopharynx in order to accommodate pressure changes. The tympanic membrane is selectively permeable in order to accommodate pressure changes and this capacity is often impaired during upper respiratory infections. The eustachian tubes must remain patent to equalize pressure between the middle ear and inner ear. The inner ear adjusts its volume in response to atmospheric pressure, increasing during low
pressure and decreasing in high pressure. – ANSWERS- Air must be able to flow between themiddle ear and the nasopharynx in order to accommodate pressure changes. Following the identification of low levels of T3 and T4 coupled with the presence of a goiter, a 28 - year-old female has been diagnosed with Hashimoto thyroiditis. In light of this diagnosis, which of the following assessment results would constitute an unexpected finding? Question 7 options: Increased white cell count and audible crackles on chest auscultation Coarse, dry skin and hair with decreased sweat production Recent weight gain despite a loss of appetite and chronic fatigue The presence of myxedema in the woman's face and extremities
- ANSWERS - Increased whitecell count and audible crackles on chest auscultation
Warm compresses to be applied regularly to her eyes in addition to oral antibiotics Surgical repair of the woman's blocked meibomian glands
- ANSWERS-Warm compresses to beapplied regularly to her eyes in addition to oral antibiotics A 28 - year-old male who is 6 feet 11 inches tall has a diagnosis of acromegaly. The man is explaining to a curious but sympathetic coworker exactly what accounts for his extraordinary height. Which of the following explanations demonstrates a sound understanding of his health problem? Question 10 options: "A tumor in my brain threw off my hormone levels after I was finished with adolescence." "My pituitary gland produced a much higher than normal amount of growth hormone when I was a child." T"The high sugar levels that go along with my diabetes made my pituitary gland overproduce the hormones that cause you to grow."
"My liver is malfunctioning and produces too many of the hormones that ultimately cause growth."
- ANSWERS-"A tumor in my brain threw off my hormone levels after I was finishedwith adolescence." Following a long history of fatigue, weakness, and poor appetite, a 39-year-old male has been diagnosed with hypopituitarism. Which of the following clinical findings would most likely cause his care team to suspect that the man has an additional endocrine disorder from a different source? Question options: The man displays the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism. The patient is 5 feet 2 inches tall and was consistently short for his age as a child. The man has a chronic platelet deficiency and is occasionally anemic. The man has a low sperm count and has been unable to have children. - ANSWERS - The man hasa chronic platelet deficiency and is occasionally anemic. A 51 - year-old woman has been experiencing signs and symptoms of perimenopause and has sought help from her nurse practitioner. Doctors have confirmed a deficiency in estrogen levels as a contributing factor. Which of the following phenomena could potentially underlie the woman's health problem? Question options:
The patient's target cells lack sufficient receptors for the hormone in question.
- ANSWERS - Up-regulation has increased the sensitivity of the body to particular hormone levels. A 30-year-old woman has sought care because of her recurrent photophobia, tearing, and eye irritation. During assessment, her care provider asks about any history of cold sores or genital herpes. What is the rationale for the care provider's line of questioning? Question options: A history of HSV with eye irritation is suggestive of glaucoma. Chronic viral infection of the eyes can result in HSV autoinoculation of the mouth and labia. HSV infection of the cornea is a common cause of corneal ulceration and blindness. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) conjunctivitis indicates a need for antiviral rather than antibacterial treatment.
- ANSWERS-HSV infection of the cornea is a common cause of corneal ulceration and blindness. As part of the diagnostic workup for a patient's long-standing vertigo, a clinician wants to gauge the patient's eye movements. Which of the following tests is the clinician most likely to utilize? Question options: Caloric stimulation
Electronystagmography (ENG) Rotational tests Romberg test - ANSWERS-Electronystagmography (ENG) A 21 - year-old female is suspected of having inadequate function of her hypothalamic-pituitary- thyroid system. Her care provider is planning to inject thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and then measure her levels of TSH. Which of the following diagnostic tests is being performed? Question options: Metabolite excretion test Stimulation test Radioimmunoassay (RIA) test Suppression test – ANSWERS - Stimulation test Which of the following questions is most likely to be clinically useful in the differential diagnosis of sensorineural versus conductive hearing loss? Question options:
Angle-closure glaucoma Corneal trauma Keratitis Infectious conjunctivitis – ANSWERS - Angle-closure glaucoma A 60-year-old man has long managed his type 1 diabetes effectively with a combination of vigilant blood sugar monitoring, subcutaneous insulin administration, and conscientious eating habits. This morning, however, his wife has noted that he appears pale and clammy and to be in a stupor, though he is responsive. She suspects that he has made an error in his insulin administration and that he is experiencing a hypoglycemic episode. Which of the following actions should be the wife's first choice? Careful monitoring for level of consciousness and resolution of hypoglycemia IV infusion of 50% dextrose and water solution
Administration of subcutaneous glucagon Administration of 15 to 20 g of glucose in a concentrated carbohydrate source
- ANSWERS-Administration of 15 to 20 g of glucose in a concentrated carbohydrate source A 29-year-old woman has been diagnosed with otosclerosis after several years of progressive hearing loss. What pathophysiologic process has characterized her diagnosis? Her tympanic cavity is becoming filled with bone due to inappropriate osteogenesis. Her temporal bone is experiencing unusually rapid resorption. Her incus, malleus, and stapes have become disconnected from her normal neural pathways. New, sclerotic bone has been formed around her stapes and oval window
- ANSWERS - New,sclerotic bone has been formed around her stapes and oval window Large amounts of glucagon were recently released into an individual's circulation, but glucagon circulation has now ceased. Which of the following situations could have led to this inhibition of glucagon release? A decrease in cellular metabolic needs and an increase in glucose levels Recent intake of large amounts of protein-rich food Recent strenuous physical activity
"The high levels of GH that circulate in your body can result in damage to your liver." "GH excess inhibits your pancreas from producing enough insulin." "It's not unusual for unusually high GH levels to cause damage to your hypothalamus." - ANSWERS - "When your pituitary gland is enlarged, there's a real risk that you'll develop somesight deficiencies. Which of the following measures would likely be rejected as part of a first-line weight loss plan for a patient with a BMI of 30.2, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension? 30 minutes or more of moderate-intensity activity at least 3 days per week Calorie reduction by 500 to 1,000 kcal/day Gastric bypass Prescription drug therapy – ANSWERS-Gastric bypass A nurse practitioner is providing care for a male patient with a long-standing hiatal hernia. Which of the following statements most accurately captures an aspect of the pathophysiology of hiatal hernias? An incompetent pyloric sphincter and high fat diet are commonly implicated in the development of hiatal hernias.
If esophageal acid clearance is impaired, esophagitis can result. The root causes of hiatal hernias are normally treatable with medication. Paraesophageal hiatal hernias are common and are normally not treated if the patient is asymptomatic.
- ANSWERS - If esophageal acid clearance is impaired, esophagitis can result. Which of the following patients is most clearly displaying the signs and symptoms of IBD? A 24-year-old man who has a stressful job but whose diarrhea and cramping do not worsen during periods of high stress. A 44 - year-old man who is under great financial stress and who states that his lower abdominal pain is much worse at night than during the day. A 51 - year-old male who states that his stomach pain is in his lower abdomen, "comes and goes," and "feels more like a cramp than a dull ache." A 32-year-old mother who complains of intermittent abdominal pain that persists even after defecation.
- ANSWERS - A 51-year-old male who states that his stomach pain is in his lower abdomen, "comes and goes," and "feels more like a cramp than a dull ache."
