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MN553 Unit 2 Quiz / MN 553 Unit 2 Quiz (Newest 2020): Pharmacology: Kaplan University(ANSWERS VERIFIED ALL CORRECT)
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called steady state half life phase II metabilism reduced bioavaliblity time
and stimlates a rsponse when given frequently over time, the body may... upregulate the total number of receptors block the receptor witha partial agonist alter the drugs metabolsim downregulate the numbers of that specific receptor
best defined as an effect of a drug that leads to major phsiolgical and psychological dependence is modified by the concurrent administration of anothe drug cannot be metabolized before another dose is administered leads to a drecrese physolgical response when combined with another drug.
:Instructions for a client regarding self administration of oral enteric coated tableted should include which of the following statements... avoid any other oral medicenes while taking this drug if swallowing this tablet is difficult dissolve in orange juice the tablet may be crushed if you have trouble taking it to achieve the best effect, take the tablet with at least 8 ounces of water
crushed the coated beads of the drugs could result in disintegration
medication is absorbed rapidly excreted rapidly metabilized minmally distrubted equally
induce the metabolism of another drug inhibit the metabolism of another drug both 1 and 2 not 1 or 2
steady state drugs reach steady state.... after second dose
after four to five half lives when the patient feels the full effect of the drug one hour after IV administration
hypersensitization may lead to increased response to a drug decreased response to a drug an exaggerated response to a drug if it is withdrawn refractories or complete lack of response All aplications for new active ingredients, new indications, new dosage forms, or new routes of
All children be provided equal acess to drug research trials children to be included in the planning phase of new drug development that pediatric drug trials guarantee chiclren of multiople ethnich groups are included
Prescribing dosages, will vary based on the developmental acivity of each enzyme. at times requireing lower doses than adult doses and other times hiher than adult doses based on the age of the child
and children? Lower doses of renally excreted drus may be prescribed to infants younger than age 6 months higher doses of water soulable drugs may need to be prescribed becasue of increased renal excretion renal excretion reates have no impact on prescribing parents need to be instructed on whether drugs are renally excreted or not
prescribed cautiously in young children because they may cause and intense hypersensitivity reaction of hypothalamic pituatiry adrenal axis supression corticosteroids are less effective in young children young children may accumulate corticosterods, leading to toxic levels
requires an antibiotic. what drug factors influence the effect of the drug on the infant maternal drug levels half life lipid soluablility all the above
in lactating women include SSRI antiepileptic drugs such as carbamazapine antineoplastic drugs such as methotrexate all the above
patietn with otitis media, education of his paretns regarding administering oral abx to an infant include how to administer and oral drug using a medication syringe mixing teh med with formula and putting it in a bottle
Makes them easier to be excreted.
metabolic activity changes, including increased and decreased drug responses
during illness, can cause slower or rapid perfusion
preemies are even slower
medications are absorbed more readily: increased risk of toxicity
for binding, require higher doses of hydrophilic drugs
than adult levels through childhood then declines
levels by 3-5 yrs but has significant genetic variability
metabolizers but 3.4-6.5 percent of non-Ethiopian African Americans are ultra-metabolizers, same for caucasians
metabolism d.t. CYP450 enzymes and may be a large variation in capacity of SB to metabolize drugs
caffeine
distribution for lipophilic agents, women experience more adverse reactions after drugs saturate all sites in adipose tissues and more drugs stay in the blood stream
for drug metabolism ex: azole antifungal, calcium channel blocker, antihistamines, anticonvulsants, antimicrobials, and corticosteroids
many drugs :theophylline, cruciferous foods like broccoli and cabbage may induce drug metabolism apiaceous vegetables like carrots, parsnip, celery, or parley may inhibit CYP1A activity
34*5 majority of bad metabolizers Antidepressants Antipsychotics Antiarrythmics *carvedilol, *metoprolol
can lead to accumulation of an active drug
metabolizers
morphine the efficacy/safety of patients using codeine is determined by CYP2D6 phenotype *poor metabolizers get small/no effect, but UM have high risk of toxicity
milk causing CNS effects
structure, pH, molecular size, lipid or water solubility
prepare the drug for further metabolism - to make the drug more water soluble
to make it more water soluble and more easily excreted by the kidneys
and lab results reflect hypoalbuminemia, this is critical to prescribing because: Distribution of the drug to target tissues may be effected the soluability of the drug will not match the site of absrobriton there will be less free drug availible to give an effect drugs bond to albumin and are redily excreted by the kidneys
that have a significant first pass effect must be given by the enteral route only bypass the hepatic circulation are rapidly metabolized by the liver and may have little if any desired action are converted by the liver to more active and fat soluable forms
pharmacodynamics saftey and side effects
that the first days dosage be twice those of the other 4 days of the prescription. This is considered a loading dose. Loading doses: Rapidly achieve drug levels in the theraputic range Require for to five half lifes to attain Is influenced by renal function Is directly related to the drug circulating to the target tissues
first sign of a theraputic effect is the minimum adverse effect level peak of action onset of action theraputic range
be drawn. Peak and trough are done when the drug has a wide theraputic range when the drug will be admin. for a short time only when there is a high correlation between the dose and the saturation of receptor sites to determine if a drug is in the theraputic range
peak level for a drug is above the minimum toxic concentration. This means that the: Concentration will produce theraputic effects Concentration will produce an adverse response time between doses must be shortened Duration of action of the drug is too long
agonists may demonstrate what property Irreversible binding to the drug receptor site
need to be lipid soluable to be easily absorbed Begin distribution into the body immediately Are easily absorbed if the are non ionized May use pinocytosis to be absorbed
added to a regimen for a synergistic effect, the combinded effect of the drug is The sum of the effects of each drug individually Greater than the sum of the effect of each drug individually Less than the effect of each drug individually Not predictable, as it varies with each individual Bioavailiblity issues are especially important for drugs with narrow theraputic ranges or
bioavalibility is true?
Bioavailiblity issues are especially important for drugs with narrow theraputic ranges or sustaned release mechanisms All brands of a drug have the same bioavaliblity Drugs that are administed more than once a day have a greater bioavlilbltiy than drugs given once a day Combining an active drug with an inert substance does not affect bioavlaliblity
:Which of the following statements about the major distribution barries is true Water soluable and ionized drugs cross the barieers rapidly The blood brain barrier slows the entry of many drugs into and from brain cells The fetal placental barrier protects the fetus from drugs taken by the mother lipid soluable drugs do not pass these barriers and are safe for pregnant women
metabolized mainly be the liver via phase I or phase II reactions. the purpose of both these types of reactions is to Inactivate prodrugs before they can be activeated by target tissues