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MODULE 1 PSY 4131 EXAM STUDY SET A+ GRADED
Two divisions of the central nervous system - answer Brain and spinal cordTwo divisions of the peripheral nervous system - answer Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system Somatic Nervous System (SNS) interacts with the _______ environment. - answerExternal environment Somatic Nervous System (SNS) consists of: ______ & ______ nerves. - answer Afferentand Efferent Nerves Afferent nerves carry (SOMATIC) - answer Sensory to central nervous system Efferent nerves (SOMATIC) - answer Carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletalmuscles Afferent = arrive (towards the CNS) — > or Affect! - answer Efferent = exit (from the CNS) Afferent nerves (autonomic/ ANS) - answer Carry sensory signals from the organs to thecentral nervous system (CNS) Efferent nerves (autonomic/ ANS) - answer Carry motor signals from the central nervoussystem (CNS) to the internal organs Two types of efferent nerves in the autonomic nervous system - answer SympatheticNerves and Parasympathetic Nerves Sympathetic nerves synapse onto second-stage neurons at a short OR significantdistance from the target organ? - answer SIGNIFICANT distance from the target organ Parasympathetic nerves synapse onto second-stage neurons at a short OR significantdistance from the target organ? - answer SHORT distance (near the target organ) Sympathetic Nerves mobilise OR conserve energy resources? - answer MOBILISEenergy resources Parasympathetic nerves mobilise OR conserve energy sources? - answer CONSERVEenergy sources Sympathetic nerves are activated in high-arousal situations OR when returning to arelaxed state? - answer Activated in HIGH AROUSAL or stressful situations Parasympathetic nerves are activated in high-arousal situations OR when returning to arelaxed state? - answer Activated when returning to a RELAXED state Cranial nerves are part of which nervous system? - answer Peripheral nervous system
Cranial nerves project from the..... - answer Brain (not the spinal cord like mostperipheral nerves) Most peripheral nerves project from... - answer The spinal cordHow many pairs of cranial nerves are there? - answer 12 Cranial nerves are numbered in sequence from _____ to ______. - answer Front to Back Cranial nerves are mostly _____ - answer Sensory (i.e. olfactory, optic)The longest pair of cranial nerves - answer Vagus Nerves What do the vagus nerves do? - answer Transmit motor and sensory informationtravelling to and from the gut. Cranial nerves can provide clues about the location of tumours and other pathology andare thus often used by.... - answer Neurologists from diagnoses
The central nervous system consists of... - answer Brain and spinal cord The peripheral nervous system is located... - answer Outside the brain and spinal cord What protects the brain and spinal cord? - answer Skull and vertebrae/ the spine,meninges
What are meninges? - answer A set of three protective membranes Three meningeal layers - answer Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater Outermost meninx covering the brain; composed of tough fibrous connective tissue -answer Dura mater
Middle meninx; like a cobweb in structure - answer Arachnoid mater Beneath the arachnoid membrane; filled with cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels -
Neuron cell body (soma) - answer Where cells' metabolic processes take place Neuron nucleus - answer Contains genetic information (DNA); a spherical structure thatacts like the brain of the cell
Neuron axon (also known as the nerve fibre) - answer Long slender fibre that carriesnerve impulses
Neuron Axon Hillock - answer Cone shaped region of connecting the cell body and axon. The neuron cell membrane is composed of 2 layers of fat molecules called the - answerLipid bilayer
Channel Proteins inside the Lipid Bilayer provide... - answer A passage for certainmolecules to pass through the membrane
Signal proteins in the lipid bilayer signal to the inside of a neuron when... - answer Acertain molecule binds to the outside.
Neuron dendrites - answer Short, branched extensions that typically receive signalsfrom other neurons
Neuron: Nodes of Ranvier - answer Gaps in the myelin sheath Neuron: Myelin - answer Protective, fatty insulating covering found around many axons Neuron synapse - answer Gap between two neurons where nerve impulses aretransmitted via chemical signals
Neurons Buttons - answer Knob-like ends of axons that are responsible for releasingchemical signals into synapses to transmit impulses from one neuron to the next
Neurotrasmitters - answer Chemical messengers that transmit messages betweenneurons and the synaptic vesicles
Neurons: Ribosomes - answer Small structures located on the endoplasmic reticulum;involved in synthesising proteins
Neurons: Endoplasmic Reticulum - answer A structure made from folded membranes;sections with with ribosomes attached (rough) are involved in synthesising proteins; sections without (smooth) involved in synthesising fats Smooth sections of the endoplasmic reticulum are involved in... - answer Synthesisingfats
Rough sections of the endoplasmic reticulum are involved in... - answer Synthesisingproteins
Cytoplasm - answer Thick, clear fluid inside the cell Microtubules - answer Tubular structure involved in transporting cellular materialsthroughout the neuron
Golgi complex - answer Made up of membranes in the shape of flattened, stackedpouches; packages molecules to be used for later or to be sent out of the cell
Mitochondria - answer Generates large quantities of energy through an aerobic (oxygenconsuming) process.
Multipolar interneuron - answer neurons with short axons or no axons, limited to a single
Oligodendrocytes - answer Provide supports for neurons by forming multiple myelinsheaths from extensions that wrap around the axons of surrounding neurons, can often myelinate multiple neuron axons allowing signal travelling down the axon to travel fasterand more efficiently
Microglia - answer Smallest glial cells, protect against injury and disease by engulfingcells and cellular debris, multiplying and promoting an inflammatory response
Astrocytes - answer Largest glial cells, star-like shape, make contact with neurons andcover the outside of blood vessels, contribute to bloody-brain barrier by blocking some substances whilst allowing others to pass from the blood into the central nervoussystem (CNS), can also control the flow of blood ito a particular area of the brain through contracting and relaxing blood vessels Astrocyctes have been known to play a role in: - answer Exchanging chemical signalswith other neurons and astrocytes; forming networks with other neurons and astrocytes; modulating neural activity; responding to brain injury; controlling the bloodbrain barrier
Schwann Cells - answer Similar function to oligodendrocytes by myelinating axons toincrease speed and efficiency of signals but only provide one section of myelin cover. Promote regeneration of axons after damage, which oligodendrocytes can't do (so thisonly happens in PNS, it's hard in CNS).
Ligand - answer A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a largerone.
The supplementary motor area and premotor cortex are in the... - answer Frontal lobe
- A ligand of acetylcholine is a substance that - answer Binds to acetylcholine Areas of the cortex involved in emotional control - answer Vary substantially based onthe person and the emotion
Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone are both - answer Gonadotropins Gray matter of the spinal cord is largely composed of... - answer Cell bodies andunmyelinated interneurons
Drugs that block the reuptake of a neurotransmitter from the synapse are usually -answer Agonists of that neurotransmitter
Hyptothalamus plays a critical role in the expression of which emotion? (Bard, ShamRage) - answer Aggression
Oxytocin and vasopressin are synthesised in the... - answer Hypothalamus Patients with bilateral amygdalar damage have particular difficulty... - answerRecognising facial expressions of fear
Lateral geniculate, medial geniculate, and ventral posterior nuclei are all nuclei of the....- answer Thalamus
Minute-to-minute fluctuations of circulating hormones results of... - answer Pulsationhormone release
Apraxia typically affects ______ side/s of the body. - answer Both sides Deterioration of the pathway from the substantia migraine to the striatum is often foundin cases of .... - answer Parkinson's disease
Thryrotropin is released by the - answer Anterior Pituitary
paths of axons projecting into a particular area Three axes of the vertebrate nervous system - answer Anterior-posterior,dorsal-ventral, and medial lateral.
Anterior - answer Towards the nose end Posterior - answer Towards the tail end Dorsal - answer Towards the surface of the baclk or the top of the head Ventral - answer Toward the surface of the chest or bottom of the head Medial - answer Toward the midline of the body Lateral - answer Away from the midline of the body Midsagittal section - answer Section cut down centre of the brain between the twohemispheres
Grey matter is composed of - answer Cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons White matter is composed of - answer Larger myelinated axons two dorsal arms of the spinal gray matter - answer Dorsal horns the two ventral arms of the spinal gray matter - answer ventral horns
Spinal nerves are attached to - answer spinal cord Five divisions of the adult human brain - answer Tencelphalon How much of the human cerebral cortex is neocortex? - answer ~90% Two shapes of cortical neurons - answer Pyramidal, stellate Columnar organisation - answer Neurons in a given vertical column of neocortex oftenform a mini-circuit that performs a single function
Superior temporal gyrus is involved in - answer Hearing and language Inferior tempooiral cortex - answer Identifies complex visual patterns, Medial portion of the temporal cortex - answer important for certain kinds of memory Precentral gyrus and adjacent frontal cortex - answer Have a motor function Frontal cortex anterior to motor cortex performs - answer Complex cognitive functions,such as planning response sequences, evaluating the outcomes of potential patterns of behaviour and assessing the signigicance of the behaviour of others Limbic system is involved in - answer Regulation of motivated behaviours icl. fleeing,feefing, fighting and ****ING
Major structures of the limbic system include - answer Amygdala, fornix, cingulatecortex, septum G998756890-p6q
