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MODULE 1 PSY 4131 EXAM STUDY SET A+ GRADED., Exams of Developmental Psychology

MODULE 1 PSY 4131 EXAM STUDY SET A+ GRADED.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 06/23/2025

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MODULE 1 PSY 4131 EXAM STUDY SET A+ GRADED
Two divisions of the central nervous system - answer Brain and spinal cord
Two divisions of the peripheral nervous system - answer Somatic nervous system and
autonomic nervous system
Somatic Nervous System (SNS) interacts with the _______ environment. - answer External
environment
Somatic Nervous System (SNS) consists of: ______ & ______ nerves. - answer Afferent and
Efferent Nerves
Afferent nerves carry (SOMATIC) - answer Sensory to central nervous system
Efferent nerves (SOMATIC) - answer Carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal
muscles
Afferent = arrive (towards the CNS) —> or Affect! - answer Efferent = exit (from the CNS)
Afferent nerves (autonomic/ ANS) - answer Carry sensory signals from the organs to the
central nervous system (CNS)
Efferent nerves (autonomic/ ANS) - answer Carry motor signals from the central nervous
system (CNS) to the internal organs
Two types of efferent nerves in the autonomic nervous system - answer Sympathetic
Nerves and Parasympathetic Nerves
Sympathetic nerves synapse onto second-stage neurons at a short OR significant distance
from the target organ? - answer SIGNIFICANT distance from the target organ
Parasympathetic nerves synapse onto second-stage neurons at a short OR significant
distance from the target organ? - answer SHORT distance (near the target organ)
Sympathetic Nerves mobilise OR conserve energy resources? - answer MOBILISE energy
resources
Parasympathetic nerves mobilise OR conserve energy sources? - answer CONSERVE
energy sources
Sympathetic nerves are activated in high-arousal situations OR when returning to a
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MODULE 1 PSY 4131 EXAM STUDY SET A+ GRADED

Two divisions of the central nervous system - answer Brain and spinal cord Two divisions of the peripheral nervous system - answer Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system Somatic Nervous System (SNS) interacts with the _______ environment. - answer External environment Somatic Nervous System (SNS) consists of: ______ & ______ nerves. - answer Afferent and Efferent Nerves Afferent nerves carry (SOMATIC) - answer Sensory to central nervous system Efferent nerves (SOMATIC) - answer Carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles Afferent = arrive (towards the CNS) —> or Affect! - answer Efferent = exit (from the CNS) Afferent nerves (autonomic/ ANS) - answer Carry sensory signals from the organs to the central nervous system (CNS) Efferent nerves (autonomic/ ANS) - answer Carry motor signals from the central nervous system (CNS) to the internal organs Two types of efferent nerves in the autonomic nervous system - answer Sympathetic Nerves and Parasympathetic Nerves Sympathetic nerves synapse onto second-stage neurons at a short OR significant distance from the target organ? - answer SIGNIFICANT distance from the target organ Parasympathetic nerves synapse onto second-stage neurons at a short OR significant distance from the target organ? - answer SHORT distance (near the target organ) Sympathetic Nerves mobilise OR conserve energy resources? - answer MOBILISE energy resources Parasympathetic nerves mobilise OR conserve energy sources? - answer CONSERVE energy sources Sympathetic nerves are activated in high-arousal situations OR when returning to a

relaxed state? - answer Activated in HIGH AROUSAL or stressful situations Parasympathetic nerves are activated in high-arousal situations OR when returning to a relaxed state? - answer Activated when returning to a RELAXED state Cranial nerves are part of which nervous system? - answer Peripheral nervous system Cranial nerves project from the..... - answer Brain (not the spinal cord like most peripheral nerves) Most peripheral nerves project from... - answer The spinal cord How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? - answer 12 Cranial nerves are numbered in sequence from _____ to ______. - answer Front to Back Cranial nerves are mostly _____ - answer Sensory (i.e. olfactory, optic) The longest pair of cranial nerves - answer Vagus Nerves What do the vagus nerves do? - answer Transmit motor and sensory information travelling to and from the gut. Cranial nerves can provide clues about the location of tumours and other pathology and are thus often used by.... - answer Neurologists from diagnoses The central nervous system consists of... - answer Brain and spinal cord The peripheral nervous system is located... - answer Outside the brain and spinal cord What protects the brain and spinal cord? - answer Skull and vertebrae/ the spine, meninges What are meninges? - answer A set of three protective membranes Three meningeal layers - answer Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Hydrocephalus - answer Buildup of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain; causing the brain to expand and requiring excess fluid to be drained and obstruction removed Blood-brain barrier - answer A barrier between the blood and the brain produced by the close-wedged formation of the cells in the walls of the brain's capillaries; prevents some substances and large molecules e.g. proteins from passing from the blood into the brain Cerebral blood vessels have more OR less tightly packed cell walls than regular blood vessels? - answer MORE tightly packed so fewer substances can pass through them into the brain Neuron cell body (soma) - answer Where cells' metabolic processes take place Neuron nucleus - answer Contains genetic information (DNA); a spherical structure that acts like the brain of the cell Neuron axon (also known as the nerve fibre) - answer Long slender fibre that carries nerve impulses Neuron Axon Hillock - answer Cone shaped region of connecting the cell body and axon. The neuron cell membrane is composed of 2 layers of fat molecules called the - answer Lipid bilayer Channel Proteins inside the Lipid Bilayer provide... - answer A passage for certain molecules to pass through the membrane

Signal proteins in the lipid bilayer signal to the inside of a neuron when... - answer A certain molecule binds to the outside. Neuron dendrites - answer Short, branched extensions that typically receive signals from other neurons Neuron: Nodes of Ranvier - answer Gaps in the myelin sheath Neuron: Myelin - answer Protective, fatty insulating covering found around many axons Neuron synapse - answer Gap between two neurons where nerve impulses are transmitted via chemical signals Neurons Buttons - answer Knob-like ends of axons that are responsible for releasing chemical signals into synapses to transmit impulses from one neuron to the next Neurotrasmitters - answer Chemical messengers that transmit messages between neurons and the synaptic vesicles Neurons: Ribosomes - answer Small structures located on the endoplasmic reticulum; involved in synthesising proteins Neurons: Endoplasmic Reticulum - answer A structure made from folded membranes; sections with with ribosomes attached (rough) are involved in synthesising proteins; sections without (smooth) involved in synthesising fats

Dendrites - answer A short branched extension of a nerve cell Axons - answer A long branched extension of a nerve cell Neural structures - answer Clusters of cell bodies and clusters of axons Nuclei - answer Clusters of cell bodies in the central nervous system (CNS) Ganglia - answer Clusters of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system Tracts - answer Clusters of axons in the central nervous system Nerves - answer Clusters of axons in the peripheral nervous system Most abundant cells in the nervous system - answer Glial cells Four types of Glial cells - answer Oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes (CNS), Schwann cells (PNS) Oligodendrocytes - answer Provide supports for neurons by forming multiple myelin sheaths from extensions that wrap around the axons of surrounding neurons, can often myelinate multiple neuron axons allowing signal travelling down the axon to travel faster and more efficiently Microglia - answer Smallest glial cells, protect against injury and disease by engulfing cells and cellular debris, multiplying and promoting an inflammatory response

Astrocytes - answer Largest glial cells, star-like shape, make contact with neurons and cover the outside of blood vessels, contribute to bloody-brain barrier by blocking some substances whilst allowing others to pass from the blood into the central nervous system (CNS), can also control the flow of blood ito a particular area of the brain through contracting and relaxing blood vessels Astrocyctes have been known to play a role in: - answer Exchanging chemical signals with other neurons and astrocytes; forming networks with other neurons and astrocytes; modulating neural activity; responding to brain injury; controlling the blood brain barrier Schwann Cells - answer Similar function to oligodendrocytes by myelinating axons to increase speed and efficiency of signals but only provide one section of myelin cover. Promote regeneration of axons after damage, which oligodendrocytes can't do (so this only happens in PNS, it's hard in CNS). Ligand - answer A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one. The supplementary motor area and premotor cortex are in the... - answer Frontal lobe

  • A ligand of acetylcholine is a substance that - answer Binds to acetylcholine Areas of the cortex involved in emotional control - answer Vary substantially based on the person and the emotion Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone are both - answer Gonadotropins

Large structure visible on the dorsal surface of the brain - answer Cerebellum Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is important for... - answer Readying an organism for a state of emergency/ rapid response Parasympathetic nervous system is important for - answer Regulating the homestatic systems in the body, a state of rest Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS are called - answer Nuclei Clusters of cell bodies in the PNS are called - answer Ganglia In the CNS bundles of axons are called - answer Tracts In the PNS bundles of axons are called - answer Nerves Electron Microscopy - answer Neuroanatomical Tracing Techniques - answer Methods used to label and follow the course of neural pathways by axonal transport of inject neuronal tract tracers Anterograde tracing methods - answer Forward Retrograde tracing methods - answer Backwards

Anterograde tracing methods are used when... - answer An investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting away from cell bodies locatd in a particular area. Retrograde tracing methods are used when - answer An investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting into a particular area Three axes of the vertebrate nervous system - answer Anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and medial lateral. Anterior - answer Towards the nose end Posterior - answer Towards the tail end Dorsal - answer Towards the surface of the baclk or the top of the head Ventral - answer Toward the surface of the chest or bottom of the head Medial - answer Toward the midline of the body Lateral - answer Away from the midline of the body Midsagittal section - answer Section cut down centre of the brain between the two hemispheres

Precentral gyrus and adjacent frontal cortex - answer Have a motor function Frontal cortex anterior to motor cortex performs - answer Complex cognitive functions, such as planning response sequences, evaluating the outcomes of potential patterns of behaviour and assessing the signigicance of the behaviour of others Limbic system is involved in - answer Regulation of motivated behaviours icl. fleeing, feefing, fighting and ****ING Major structures of the limbic system include - answer Amygdala, fornix, cingulate cortex, septum G998756890-p6q op0=[]j-]97p68 - answer