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Motivation Theories: Content and Process Approaches, Study notes of Human Resource Management

San Francisco State University (SFSU)Human Resource Management

An overview of motivation theories, focusing on content theories, which propose that all people are motivated by certain common needs, and process theories, which explain how environments can be built to motivate employees. Topics include economic man theory, maslow's hierarchy of needs, alderfer's erg theory, herzberg's two-factor theory, and mcclelland's n-achievement theory.

Typology: Study notes

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MotivatingEmployees
•Compensationprogramsmustmotivate
individualemployeestowork;however,they
rarelysucceedwhentheybasemotivationsolely
onmonetaryrewards.
•Motivationtheoriesfallintotwoprincipaltypes:
–Contenttheories
•Inherenttraitsofhumans
–Processtheories
•Howenvironmentscanbebuilttomotivateothers
ContentTheories
•Contenttheoriesproposethatallpeopleare
motivatedbycertaincommonneeds;the
mostcommonarethefollowing:
–
Economic Man Theory
–
Economic
Man
Theory
–Maslow’sHierarchyofNeedsTheory
–Alderfer’s ERGTheory
–Herzberg’sTwo‐Facto rTheory
–McClellands’s N‐AchievementTheory
EconomicManandMaslow’s
HierarchyofNeeds
•TheEconomicManTheoryholdstheideathat
moneyistheonlyimportantgoalforwhich
peoplework
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•
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as
l
ow
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EconomicManandMaslow’s
HierarchyofNeeds
•TheEconomicManTheoryholdstheideathat
moneyistheonlyimportantgoalforwhich
peoplework
Ml ’Hi h fNd
•
M
as
l
ow
’
s
Hi
erarc
h
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f
N
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s
Alderfer’s ERGTheory
•Alderfer’s ERGTheoryagreeswith
Maslow
–individualshavebasicneedsthatcouldbe
arranged in order of priority
arranged
in
order
of
priority
–therearebasicdistinctionsamongthose
needs
–thoseneedsneedtobeclassified
–Alderfer dividesthemintothree
categories
•ExistenceRelatednessGrowth
Alderfer’s ERGTheory
•Alderfer’s ERGTheoryagreeswith
Maslow
–individualshavebasicneedsthatcouldbe
arranged in order of priority
arranged
in
order
of
priority
–therearebasicdistinctionsamongthose
needs
–thoseneedsneedtobeclassified
–Alderfer dividesthemintothree
categories
•ExistenceRelatednessGrowth
pf3
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Motivating Employees

  • Compensation programs must motivate individual employees to work; however, they rarely succeed when they base motivation solely on monetary rewards.
  • Motivation theories fall into two principal types:
    • Content theories
      • Inherent traits of humans
    • Process theories
      • How environments can be built to motivate others

Content Theories

  • Content theories propose that all people are motivated by certain common needs; the most common are the following: - – Economic Man TheoryEconomic Man Theory - Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory - Alderfer’s ERG Theory - Herzberg’s Two‐Factor Theory - McClellands’s N‐Achievement Theory

Economic Man and Maslow’s

Hierarchy of Needs

  • The Economic Man Theory holds the idea that money is the only important goal for which people work
  • MM aslow’sl ’ Hi Hi erarchyh off N N eedsd

Economic Man and Maslow’s

Hierarchy of Needs

  • The Economic Man Theory holds the idea that money is the only important goal for which people work
  • MM aslow’sl ’ Hi Hi erarchyh off N N eedsd

Alderfer’s ERG Theory

• Alderfer’s ERG Theory agrees with

Maslow

  • individuals have basic needs that could be

arranged in order of priorityarranged in order of priority

  • there are basic distinctions among those

needs

  • those needs need to be classified
  • Alderfer divides them into three

categories

  • Existence Relatedness Growth

Alderfer’s ERG Theory

• Alderfer’s ERG Theory agrees with

Maslow

  • individuals have basic needs that could be

arranged in order of priorityarranged in order of priority

  • there are basic distinctions among those

needs

  • those needs need to be classified
  • Alderfer divides them into three

categories

  • Existence Relatedness Growth

Herzberg’s Two‐Factor Theory

• Employees have two needs

– Hygiene factors

  • factors that are expectedp byy employees,p y , and therefore cannot lead to satisfaction
  • Extrinsic rewards

– Motivating factors

  • factors that lead to satisfaction and can drive performance
  • Intrinsic rewards

Herzberg’s Two‐Factor Theory

• Employees have two needs

– Hygiene factors

  • factors that are expectedp byy employees,p y , and therefore cannot lead to satisfaction
  • Extrinsic rewards

– Motivating factors

  • factors that lead to satisfaction and can drive performance
  • Intrinsic rewards

McClelland’s N‐ Achievement Theory

  • Contends people have three needs
    • Need for achievement
      • Usually good managers
    • Need for power
      • Usually good leaders
    • Need for affiliation
      • Usually do well in jobs with high levels of social interaction or where interpersonal skills are valued

McClelland’s N‐ Achievement Theory

  • Contends people have three needs
    • Need for achievement
      • Usually good managers
    • Need for power
      • Usually good leaders
    • Need for affiliation
      • Usually do well in jobs with high levels of social interaction or where interpersonal skills are valued

Process Theories

  • Used to explain how employees can be motivated to work - Exectancy theory - Equity theoryEquity theory - Goal setting theory - Reinforcement theory

Expectancy Theory

  • Contends that motivation is related to an individual’s perception of three factors - Expectancy - The probability that effort will lead to performance - Instrumentality - The probability that performance will lead to certain outcomes - Valence - The value attached to each outcome

Reinforcement Theory

  • Assumes people are conditioned to respond to stimuli
  • Leads to four possible managerial actions in response to employee behaviorresponse to employee behavior - Positive reinforcement - Negative reinforcement - Extinction - Punishment