Motivation - Organizational Behaviour - Lecture Slides, Slides of Organization Behaviour

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Motivation

• Definitions
• Content models
• Process models
• Putting it into action

What is Motivation?

• “Willingness to exert effort to reach

organizational goals”

• The force that starts, sustains, and directs

activity

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Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation

Type of Activity Motivation Freedom Human Value Work Extrinsic^ Constrained^ ??? Play Intrinsic^ Freely Chosen^ Distraction Leisure Intrinsic Freely Chosen Self-Fulfillment

• Where does our motivation come from?
  • Extrinsic = external rewards
  • Intrinsic = rewards from the task itself
• Application to domains of human activity

Content vs. Process

• Content
  • What motivates us?
• Process
  • How are we motivated?

Maslow’s Pyramid

Physiological

Safety

Social

Esteem

Self-Actualization

Herzberg’s Two Factor Model

• Ideas developed through work with engineers and scientists
• Job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction are separate, not two ends of a single scale
• One group of factors prevents dissatisfaction, but does not cause satisfaction
• Another group of factors cause satisfaction
• Question: does satisfaction lead to performance?
  • Traditionally, we said Yes
  • However, performance may cause satisfaction
  • But, satisfaction is related to turnover

McClelland - Needs

• Three basic human needs
  • Achievement
  • Power
  • Affiliation
• N Ach  performance
• Tested on large scale basis
  • N Ach (children’s stories)
  • National performance (utility usage)

Theories X and Y

Little ambition Dislike work Avoid responsibility

Self-directed Enjoy work Accept responsibility

Theory X Theory Y

Process Models

• Behavior modification
• Goal setting
• VIE
• Equity Theory
• Job Characteristics Model

Behavior Modification

• Basic psychological theory
  • Pavlov
  • Skinner
• Behavior is a function of its consequences
• Some say….assumes that people have little

free will

How it Works

Contingency

Apply

Withhold

Consequenc Reward e Punishment Positive Reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement

Punishment

Extinction

Schedules of Reinforcement

FIXED INTERVAL Reinforcement occurs at fixed intervals of time: the bimonthly paycheck.

FIXED RATIO Reinforcement occurs after a set number of behaviors: piece rate pay.

VARIABLE INTERVAL Reinforcement occurs at random intervals of time: the supervisor visits the employee, on no fixed or set schedule, to praise at that time.

VARIABLE RATIO Reinforcement occurs after a random number of behaviors: gambling, especially slot machines.

Goal Setting

• Goals lead to performance
• Specific goals lead to higher performance than general goals
• Performance increases in proportion to goal difficulty -- but goals should be attainable
• Goals must be accepted
• Goals should be linked to feedback and rewards

What is a Good Goal?

• Specific
• Measurable
• Attainable
• Realistic, rewarded
• Timely
• Feedback
• Integrated, Intermediate
• Challenging, clear