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LP 8A Theories of motivation 1
Motvation and Emotion
Introduction: Motivation and Emotion
-^ Instinct Theories -^ Drive Theories -^ Incentive Theories -^ Arousal Theories -^ Humanistic Theories Hunger and Eating -^ Energy Homeostasis -^ Signals That Regulate Eating -^ Long-Term Signals That Regulate Body Weight -^ Excess Weight and Obesity Psychological Needs as Motivators -^ Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs -^ Affilation and Achievement -^ Deci and Ryan’s Self-Determination Theory Emotion -^ The Function of Emotion -^ The Subjective Experience of Emotion -^ The Neuroscience of Emotion -^ The Expression of Emotion Theories of Emotions -^ The James-Lange Theory of Emotion -^ Cognitive Theories of Emotion PSYCH FOR YOUR LIFE:
Turning Your Goals into Reality
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Motivation
Motivation:
The biological, emotional, cognitive or social forces that activate and
direct behavior (
page 292
Emotions are a primary source of motivation. Theories of motivation have threecharacteristics (
page 292
They activate behavior. (2)
There is a level of persistence to achieve a particular goal. (3)
There is intensity in the vigor of the behavior.
LP 8A Theories of motivation 4
Extrinsic Motivation and Reinforcement and Punishments
LP 8A Theories of motivation 5
Motivation
Do our motives or our reasons for engaging in a behavior make a difference?In the research on prejudice:
•^
People who attend church with extrinsic motives (meet people, socialize,etc.) rate higher on prejudicial attitudes.
-^ People who attend church for intrinsic motives (search for knowledge andunderstanding, way of living, etc.) and atheists rate the lowest on prejudicialattitudes. In the research on creativity:
•^
People who are intrinsically motivated, tend to be more creative. o^ And much more likely to achieve more o^ And more likely to develop expertise in an area
-^ People who are extrinsically motivated (reinforcements are external to theindividual—money), tend to be less are less creative. The research on achievement motivation
•^
Those who strive to learn as much as they can are more likely to succeed incollege than those who are motivated to avoid looking bad.
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Instinct Theories
Just as animals display instinctive behavioral patterns, suchas migration or mating behaviors, human behavior is thoughtbe motivated by innate instincts or genetic programming.
Instinct theories
say that people are motivated to engage in certain behaviors
because of evolutionary programming.
Examples of InstinctsProposed by Instinct
Theorists
•^
Instinct theory describes and labels behaviorand relies on circular reasoning.
-^ While instinct theories seem logical, theselabels and descriptions do not explainbehavior.In addition, we don’t have enough genes toaccount for every behavior and motivation.People try to use instincts to “explain” onesbehavior, but it rarely does.
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Drive Theories: Homeostasis
Drive theories:
The view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce
internal tensions caused by unmet biological needs (
page 293
Our body’s biological systems are delicately balanced to ensure survival. Homeostasis is a state of internal physiological equilibrium that the body strivesto maintain.
For example, •^ when you are hot, your body automatically tries to cool itself by perspiring.
-^ when you are cold, your body generates warmth by shivering.
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Drive Theories
When a particular behavior reduces a drive, the behavior becomes negatively reinforced
when the same need state arises again.
Drive theories have a hard time explaining behavior that increase tension suchas gambling, running a marathon, playing in competitive events, why we engagein risky behavior, or watch suspenseful movies. In addition, drive theories havedifficulties explaining why we eat when we are not hungry.
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Incentive Theories
Behavior is motivated by the “pull” of external goals and rewards such as rewards, money or recognition.
“You’ll get your fair share.
Not no sad 7%”
This approach is based heavily on operant learning theory (behavior is based on the expectation of consequences such as reinforcements orpunishments,
Chapter 5
), and hence testable.
Reinforcements
____________ behavior
Punishments
____________ behavior
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Arousal Theories
Arousal theories are based on the observation that people find both very highlevels of arousal and very low levels of arousal quite unpleasant.
•^
When arousal is too low, we become motivated to increase arousal byseeking stimulating experiences
-^ When arousal is too high, we become motivated to reduce arousal byseeking a less stimulating environment. People are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal—one which isneither too high nor too low.
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General Psychology 203: Personality Introversion and Extraversion In general, extraverts have a less sensitive nervous system than introverts. Since extravert’s nervous system is less, sensitive, they need more stimulationthan introverts to be at their optimal level. This can mean surroundingthemselves and interacting with more peopleIn addition, on the average, extraverts have the approach motivation (motivatedby reinforcements). Introverts have an avoidance motivation (avoidingpunishments and/or negative consequences).
Introvert
Extravert
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US Airways pilot Chesley “Sulley” Sullenberg,
Feb 2009
LP 8A Theories of motivation 17
Arousal Theory, Social Perception and the Workplace
I was at Burger King the other day around noon. The person taking lunch ordersappeared to be very "stressed out", made several mistakes and was having ahard time dealing with the mistakes. I’m glad I managed to get my order in so Idon’t have to wait in line like all those other people. She said, "I normally do nottake the orders, but work in the back." I quickly thought to myself, “Whatincompetent person—she’s messing everything up. It’s a good thing I am notthat incompetent. Even if I make mistakes, it is because someone isn’t doingtheir job”.
•^
Where is the example of arousal theory?
-^ What are the implications for training regarding arousal theory?
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Humanistic Theories
Generally, when people talk about safety needs, they talk about safe fromphysical harm and not afraid of physical harm. However, if you look at safetyneeds as being free from fear, fear can arise from many sources that keep usfrom becoming self-actualized.For example,
•^
Fear of not belonging
-^ Fear of reduced self-esteem (e.g. losing your job). This is especiallyproblematic if your self-esteem is based on a limit number of areas. o^ Fear your culture will change
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Humanistic Theories Maslow’s Characteristics of Self-Actualized People Realism andacceptance
Self-actualized people have accurateperceptions of themselves, others, andexternal reality. They easily acceptthemselves and others as they are.
Spontaneity
Self-actualized people are spontaneous,natural and open in their behavior andthoughts. However, they can easily conformto conventional rules and expectations whensituations demand such behavior.
Autonomy
Although they accept and enjoy otherpeople, self-actualized individuals have astrong need for privacy and independence.They focus on their own potential anddevelopment rather than on the opinions ofothers.
Continuedfreshness ofappreciation
Self-actualized people continue toappreciate the simple pleasures ofappreciation of life with awe and wonder.
Peakexperiences
Self-actualized people common have
peak
experiences
, or moments of intense ecstasy,
wonder and awe during which their sense ofself is lost or transcended. The self-actualized person may feel transformed andstrengthened by these peak experiences.
