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1.) The central intermediate leading to the production of different fermentation end products is? Pyruvic acid 2.) Which of the following is not a form of ionizing radiation? Ultraviolet light 3.) An example of a bacteria that undergoes a butanediol fermentation is? Enterobacter aerogenes 4.) You have just fertilized a field with nitrates. By the end of the year, all the nitrates are gone. Name a microorganism that is capable of using these nitrates? Pseudomonas denitrificans 5.) A medium that contains ingredients of unknown composition is called a? Complex media 6.) Bacteria reproduce by the process called? Binary fission 7.) A bacterium with a generation time of 30 min will grow from a population of 1 cell to 1,000,000 cells in about how many hours? 10 hrs 8.) Dictostelium discoideum is an example of a? Cellular slime mold 9.) This a relative halogen element? Fluorine 10.) The two most important alcohol germicides are? Ethanol and isopropanol 11.) Name a bacteria that uses the phosphoroclastic reaction? Clostridium sporogenes 12.) Which of the following is a sterilizing gas that can be used on hospital gowns and instruments? Ethylene oxide 13.) The killing of spore forming bacteria by alternatively heating to kill the vegetative cells and incubating to allow the germination of spores into vegetative cells that are then killed by another heating cycle is called? Tyndalization 14.) NAD is? A coenzyme A hydrogen carrier 15.) The compound was used by Joseph Lister in the 1860s as a disinfectant? Phenol 16.) Aerobic respiration involves? Glycolysis The Krebs cycle The electron transport system 17.) The chemical reaction that involves the gain of electrons is called? Reduction
18.) What is the name of the process by which NADH transfers electrons along a chain of acceptors to oxygen? Electron transport 19.) An approximation of the number of living organisms per unit volume based on the formation of colonies on a solid growth media is? Viable cell count 20.) Name a bacteria that undergoes a lactic acid fermentation? Lactobacillus bulgaricus 21.) The reacting molecules in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction are called? Substrates 22.) An example of a thermophilic bacterium? Bacillus sterothermophilus 23.) An example of a bacteria that undergoes a mixed acid fermentation is? Escherichia coli 24.) It prevents gonorrhea of the eye in newborns? Silver nitrate 25.) Removal of microorganisms from liquids and gases by passing them by passing the material through a substance with pore sizes designed not to allow microorganisms to penetrate? Filtration 26.) Sulfur is needed by all bacteria. Its main use is? In proteins 27.) An instrument that uses high frequency ultrasonic waves to open cells? Cavitron 28.) An example of a Rizarian? Foraminifera 29.) A growth medium that distinguishes between different groups of bacteria on the basis of their biological characteristics is called? Differential media 30.) Small organic molecules that make up all or part of enzyme cofactors? Vitamins 31.) Organisms that obtain electrons from the oxidation of inorganic compounds? Lithotrophs 32.) Organisms that have their growth optimum between pH 1 and 5.5 are called? Acidophiles 33.) In which of the following will you find the water molds? Oomycete 34.) ATP is the energy molecule in cells because? It contains a high-energy phosphate bond 35.) The rate of growth of a given species of microorganism is independent of the composition of the medium in which it is grown? False 36.) A large aggregate of amoeboid cells that move as a unit leaving a slime trail? Pseudoplasmodium
Metabolism 58.) What type of chemical reaction results in the breakdown of organic polymers into their respective subunits Hydrolysis 59.) A medium that contains known ingredients of known quantity is called a Defined media 60.) A type of chemical reaction that requires energy to be supplied from the surrounding environment Endergonic 61.) Maltose + water ——> glucose + glucose C12H22O11 + H2O—-> C6H12O6 + C6H12O This is an example of a Hydrolysis 62.) When would you use the most probable number method When the organism cannot grow on agar 63.) Name a cellular-producing organism Bacillus subtilis 64.) The precursor of GMP and AMP IMP 65.) Name the organism that causes amoebic dysentery Entamoeba histolytica 66.) What is the infective form of Entamoeba histolytica Cyst 67.) Siliceous cell wall are characteristic of the Diatom 68.) The science that analyses energy change in a collection of matter is Thermodynamics 69.) A non protein molecule that can attach and detach from the protein part of an enzyme and is required for normal enzyme function Coenzyme 70.) The enzyme lipase converts triglcerides into Glycerol and fatty acids 71.) An oxidative metabolic pathway that starts with pyruvic acid and produces CO and NADH is called TCA cycle Krebs cycle Citric Acid Cycle 72.) An example of an apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii 73.) Name a bacteria that uses the phosphoroclastic reaction Clostridium sp 74.) An organism that can grow in sulfuric acid is said to be Acidophilic 75.) An organism that contains Beta-galactosidase is: Escherichia coli
76.) Beta - galactosidase converts lactose into Glucose and galactose 77.) Name an organism that can convert H2SO4 to H2S: Desulfovibrio sp 78.) Aspartate + a-ketoglutarate ---> oxaloacetate + glutamate This is an example of a: Transamination 79.) An example of an iron sulfur protein: Ferrodoxin 80.) The energy required to bring the reacting molecules together in the proper way to reach the transition state is called the: Activation energy 81.) Pfiesteria piscicida is an example of a Dinoflagellate 82.) A large multinucleate mass of protoplasm that exhibits amoeboid movement, leaving a slime trial Plasmodium 83.) The products of the Emden Meyerhoff pathway are: Two pyruvate 84.) You are working on a study of the viable cells in a bacterial suspension. You would count these cells using: Spread plate method 85.) An example of a ciliated protozoan is Balantidium coli 86.) The second law of thermodynamics states that There is a tendency toward disorder 87.) In the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle). Pyruvate is used Carbon dioxide is formed NADH is made from NAD GTP is formed 88.) You have just fertilized a field with nitrates. By the end of the year all the nitrates are gone. Name a microorganism that is capable of using these nitrates. Bacillus sp, pseudomonas, Moraxella 89.) A nitrogen base containing a double ring Purine 90.) A bacteria with a generation time of 30 min will grow form a populations of 100 cells to 100,000 cells in about how many hours? 5 hr 91.) An example of a bacteria that undergoes a butanediol fermentation is Enterobacter aerogenes 92.) The product of gluconeogenesis is Glucose 93.) An example of an Ascomycete Verpa bohemica 94.) This group of fungi is known to rot wood Basidiomycetes
115.) Organisms that obtain energy from the oxidation of organic compounds Autotrophs 116.) A phototrophic amoeba like organism that has a flagellum for dispersal Chlorachniophytes 117.) Coenzyme A plays an important role in the synthesis of: Lipids 118.) The type of bacteria most likely to be found in the anaerobic digester of a sewage treatment plant Methanococus jamnaschii 119.) Which of the following is NOT true of fermentation reactions? NADH is oxidized to NAD The electron acceptor is pyruvate or pyruvate derivative Some fermentations generate additional ATP for the organism 120.) The final acceptor for hydrogen ions in aerobic respiration is: Oxygen 121.) ADH transfers electrons along a chain of acceptors to oxygen so as to form water and in which the energy released along the way is used to form ATP: Electron transport phosphorylation 122.) What bacterium is associated with gas gangrene? Clostridium perfringens 123.) Electron transport chains are located in: Membranes 124.) NAD is: A coenzyme A hydrogen carrier 125.) The chemical reaction that involves the loss of electrons is called: Oxidation 126.) An organism that uses CO2 ----> CH4 as the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration: Methanococcus jannaschii 127.) An example of an organism that would be found growing in jam Xeromyces sp 128.) A substance that has been pasteurized is Not considered sterile 129.) Objects that are devoid of any form of life are called Sterile 130.) Which is the most rapid way to achieve sterilization? Direct flame 131.) A sterilizer that employs superheated steam under pressure is called a Autoclave 132.) Which organism would not produce catalase? Bacteroides amylophilus 133.) Organisms that have a wide range of growth temperatures are said to be Eurythermal 134.) Organisms that grow at low temperatures are called Psychrophiles
135.) Which of the following is an example of an electron carrier molecule NAD 136.) The precursor of CTP and TMP Orotic acid 137.) Name a cellulose producing organism Clostridium sp Actinomyces sp 138.) Bacteria that can grow in the absence of oxygen but grow better in its presence are called Facultative anaerobes 139.) The rate of growth of a given species of microorganism is independent of the composition of the medium is which it is grown False 140.) Small organic molecules that make up all parts of enzymes cofactors Vitamins 141.) How would you sterilize a liquid that cannot be heated Cold filtration 142.) The enzyme that breaks down starch is called Amylase 143.) Organisms that can grow in habitats with low water activity (high osmotic pressure) by maintaining a high internal solute concentration in order to prevent water loss Osmotolerant 144.) Cells may enter the stationary phase of growth because of All of the above 145.) Name a slime mold Hemitrichia sp Physarum sp Dictyostelium discoideum 146.) Enzymes Control the speed of a reaction Change shapes to facilitate certain reactions 147.) A favorable reaction that releases energy Exergonic 148.) The growth rate of a given species of microorganism is dependent on the composition of the medium in which it is grown True 149.) An example of an obligate anaerobe Bacteriodes fragilis 150.) An example of a hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermococcus cerler 151.) An organism that grows more rapidly in increased pressure is said to be Barophilic 152.) Your swimming pool has been overrun with algae. Being a crackerjack microbiologist what would you use to kill these algae? Copper sulfate
Chemotrophs 174.) Organisms that obtain electrons from the oxidation of organic compounds Organotrophs 175.) Organisms that obtain energy from light Phototrophs 176.) Organic compounds that are required because they are essential cell components or precursors of such components that cannot be synthesized by the organism Growth factors 177.) The process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration as a result of random thermal agitation Passive diffusion 178.) Carrier proteins embedded in the plasma membrane that increase the rate of diffusion of specific molecules across selectively permeable membranes Permeases 179.) A process of diffusion aided by the use of a carrier Facilitates diffusion 180.) The transport of molecules to areas of higher concentration (i.e. against a concentration gradient) with the input of metabolic energy Active transport I THINK EXAM 3 181.) Linked transport of two substances in the same direction Symport 182.) Linked transport of two substances in opposite directions Antiport 183.) A process in which molecules are transported into the cell while the same time being chemically modified Group translocation 184.) Low-molecular -weight molecules that are able to complex with ferric iron to supply the iron to the cell Siderophores 185.) A growth medium in which all components and their specific concentrations are known Synthetic (defined) medium 186.) A growth medium containing some ingredients of unknown composition and / or concentration Complex medium 187.) A growth medium that favors the growth of some microorganisms while inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms Selective medium 188.) The process by which the breakdown of ATP ADP and releases Pi energy to do work for the cell and by which ATP is reformed from ADP and Pi Energy cycle 189.) The amount of heat needed to raise gram of water from 15.0 degrees C to 16. degrees C
Calorie 190.) Units of work capable of being done Joule 191.) Statement that physical and chemical processes occur in such a way that randomness disorder) increases to a maximum Second law of thermodynamics 192.) A measure of the randomness or disorder of a system Entropy 193.) The total energy of a system Enthalpy 194.) The energy change in a system that is available to do useful work Free energy change 195.) A reaction in which the forward rate equals the reverse rate Equilibrium 196.) An unfavorable reaction that requires an input of energy in order to proceed (AG is positive) Endergonic reaction 197.) Reactions in which there is a transfer of electrons from a donor to an acceptor Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions 198.) The electron donor in a redox reaction Reductant (reducing agent) 199.) The electron acceptor in a redox reaction Oxidant (oxidizing agent) 200.) Protein catalyst with great specificity for the reaction catalyzed and the molecules acted upon Enzymes 201.) A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being permanently altered by the reaction Catalyst 202.) The molecules formed by a chemical reaction Products 203.) A complex formed by the substrates of a reaction that resembles both the substrates and the products Transition state 204.) Energy required to bring the reacting molecules together in the proper way to reach the transition state Activation energy 205.) A special place on the surface of an enzyme where the substrates are brought together in the proper orientation for the reaction to occur Active site 206.) The rate of a reaction when all of the available enzyme molecules are binding substrate and converting it to product as rapidly as possible Maximal velocity (V max) 207.) The substrate concentration needed for the enzyme to achieve half maximal velocity Michaelis constant (K m)
226.) Drastic reduction in the rate of sugar catabolism when cells switch from anaerobic to aerobic conditions Fermentation 227.) A process for oxidizing NADH NAD using molecular oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor Aerobic respiration 228.) A process for oxidizing NADH using inorganic molecules other than oxygen the terminal electron acceptor Anaerobic respiration 229.) The process in which light energy is trapped and converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH Photosynthesis 230.) A process in which electrons excited from a chlorophyll molecule return to that molecule, driving the synthesis of ATP Cyclic photophosphorylation 231.) A process in which electrons excited from a chlorophyll molecule are given to NADPH are replaced from water, and thus drive the synthesis of ATP non-Cyclic photophosphorylation 232.) An increase in cellular constituents that may or may not be accompanied by an increase in cell number Growth 233.) The number of generations per unit time, usually expressed as the number of generations per hour Mean growth rate constant (k) 234.) The number of cells alive or dead per unit volume Total cell count 235.) The number of cells per unit volume that are able to grow and reproduce Viable cell count 236.) An approximation of the number of viable microorganisms per unit volume, which is based on the formation of colonies on solid media after plating dilute solutions such that each colony probably arises from a single viable microorganism Colony-forming units 237.) The amount of microbial mass produced from a nutrient, usually expressed as grams of cells formed per gram of substrate utilized Growth yield 238.) The amount of microbial mass-produced from a nutrient usually expressed as grams of cells formed per mole of substrate utilized Molar growth yield (Ym) 239.) A culture system with constant environmental conditions maintained through continual provision nutrients and removal of wastes Continuous (open) culture system 240.) An open system in which sterile medium containing an essential nutrient in limiting quantities is fed into the culture vessel at the same rate as medium containing microorganisms is removed Chemostat
241.) The rate at which medium flows through a chemostat Dilution rate 242.) An open system in which the flow rate of media through the vessel is automatically regulated to maintain a predetermined turbidity or cell density Turbidostat 243.) Organisms that can grow in habitats with low water activity (high osmotic pressure) by maintaining a high internal solute concentration in order to prevent water loss Osmotolerant 244.) Organisms that require high levels of sodium chloride in order to grow Halophiles 245.) Organisms that have their growth optimum between pH 1.0 and 5. Acidophiles 246.) Organisms that have their growth optimum between pH 5.5 and 8. Neutrophiles 247.) Organisms that have their growth optimum between pH 8.5 and 11. Alkalophiles 248.) Minimum, maximum, and optimum growth temperatures Cardinal temperatures 249.) Term to describe organisms that have a narrow range of growth temperatures Stenothermal 250.) Term to describe organisms that have a wide range of growth temperatures Eurythermal 251.) Organisms that grow well at 0 degrees C and have optimum growth temperatures of 15 degrees C or lower Psychrophiles 252.) Organisms that grow well at 0 degrees C and have optimum growth temperatures of 20 - 30 degrees C Psychrotrophs 253.) Organisms with growth temperature minima of 15 - 20 degrees C, optima around 20 - 45 degrees C and maxima at 45 degrees *C or lower Mesophiles 254.) Organisms that grow at temperatures of 55 degrees C or higher; they have growth temperature minima around 45 degrees C optima of 55 - 65 degrees C and maxima that sometimes exceed 100 degrees C Thermophiles 255.) Organisms that are completely dependent upon atmospheric oxygen for growth Obligate aerobes 256.) Organisms that do not require oxygen for growth but do grow better in its presence Facultative anaerobes 257.) Organisms that ignore oxygen and grow equally well in its presence or absence Aerotolerant anaerobes 258.) Organisms that do not tolerate oxygen at all and die in its presence Obligate anaerobes
