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MTTC Integrated Science
Exam Study Guide with
Complete Solutions 2024/
Observational recordings
- should not be altered, erased, or whited-out to make corrections
- drawing a single line through it Parts of a lab report
- title
- abstract
- contain the hypothesis
- include a control and one variable
- introduction
- methods
- results
- conclusion / summation Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0: / 0:
Full screen Brainpower Read More Volumetric flask
- used to accurately prepare a specific volume and concentration of solution Erlenmeyer flasks used for mixing, transporting, and reacting NOT appropriate for measuring Meniscus where the liquid measurement is read Graduated cylinders
- precise measurements
- more accurate than Erlenmeyer flasks or beakers Burette
- glassware to accurately dispense liquid
- has a stopcock and a tip Typical vs. Compound microscope
- typical = 1 lens
- compound = 3 lenses Chromatography set of laboratory techniques used to separate or analyze mixtures Diluting Acids
- always add the concentrated acid solution to water Centrifuge
Scientific fact an objective and verifiable observation Scientific theory greater body of accepted knowledge, principles, or relationships that might explain why something happens Hypothesis
- an educated guess that is not yet proven Law an explanation of events that always leads to the same outcome. Scientific Method
- identify a problem or posing a question
- formulating a hypothesis or an educated guess
- conducting experiments or tests that will provide a basis to solve the problem or answer the question
- observing the results of the test
- drawing conclusions 6 abilities of K - 4 Students
- able to ask questions about objects, organisms, and events in the environment
- devise a simple investigation to answer a question
- use tools such as magnifying glasses, rulers, and balances to gather data and make observations
- use the gathered data and observations to provide an explanation
- talk about, draw pictures, or use another method to communicate the results of an investigation and what they learned
- understand the scientific inquiry 5 abilities of 5 - 8 Students
- reformulate and clarify questions until they can be answered through scientific investigation
- create and carry out a scientific investigation, interpret the data to provide explanations, and use further data to revise explanations
- identify the tools necessary to gather and analyze data. Able to use computer hardware and software to store, organize and gather data
- provide descriptors and explanations, create models, and make predictions based on the body of knowledge they possess
- explain cause and effect relationships using explanations and data from experiments Greenhouse Gases
- they are = ozone, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane
- they trap infrared radiation that is reflected toward the atmosphere
- without the greenhouse effect, the earth would be 30 degrees colder
- the problem occurs bc human activity generates more greenhouse gases than necessary Ozone depletion
- UV light breaks O2 into 2 very reactive oxygen atoms with unpaired electrons (free radicals)
*A plant has one large vacuole *Animal cells have small, sometimes numerous vacuoles Cytosol
- liquid material in the cell
- mostly water but contains some floating molecules cytoplasm refers to cytosol & the substructures (organelles) found within the plasma membrane Endoplasmic Reticulum 2 types:
- rough (has ribosomes on the surface)
- smooth (does not have ribosomes)
- tubular network that comprises the transport system of a cell
- fused to the nuclear membrane and extends through the cytoplasm to the cell membrane Chloroplast
- in plants that plant cells use for photosynthesis
- contain chlorophyll which has a green color
- also contain yellow and red pigments, which give leaves the red and yellow colors in the fall as chloroplasts lose their chlorophyll Lysosome
- digests proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, and also transports undigested substances to the cell membrane so they can be removed RNA
ribonucleic acid
- consists of a long chain (polymer) of nucleotide units *Polymer = formed by repeating monomers *Monomer = small molecule that is a single compound that forms chemical bonds with other monomers to make a polymer
- some RNA molecules have enzymatic activity E Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic =
- animal/plant cell
- have a nucleus
- has membrane bound organelles (nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, lysosome, mitochondra)
- divide by mitosis and are diploid
- DNA richly studded with proteins Prokaryotic =
- bacteria
- do not have a nucleus
- DNA in a nucleoid
- has NO nucleus & NO membrane-bound organelles
- divide by binary fission and are haploid *Similarities:
- they both interact with the extracellular environment and use membrane-bound or membrane-associated proteins to achieve this
- they both use diffusion and active transport to move materials in and out of their cells
- both have flagella Plant vs. Animal Cells
- 2 forms are aerobic and anaerobic
- Aerobic: very common, and oxygen is the final electron acceptor & results in more ATP
- Anaerobic: the final electron acceptor is not oxygen. Photosynthesis equation 6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O Active Transport Mechanism
- exocytosis: expulsion or discharge of substances from a cell
- endocytosis: ingestion of large particles into cell *Phagocytosis: ingestion of a particle *Pinocytosis: ingestion of a liquid
- involves transferring substances from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration
- requires energy in the form of ATP Passive Transport Mechanisms
- the movement of substances through membranes
- diffusion: particles are transported from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration - > when equilibrium is reached, diffusion stops
- facilitated diffusion: specific molecules are transported by a specific carrier protein *Carrier protein = vary in terms of size, shape, and charge
- osmosis: the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration
- do not require energy from the cell Mitosis vs. Meiosis Mitosis:
- the "daughter cell" is an exact replica of the parent cell Meisosis:
- the daughter cells have different genetic coding than the parent cell
- can only happen in specialized reproductive cells called gametes Chromatids
- the DNA is replicated during cell division
- chromatids are the two identical replicated pieces of chromosome that are joined at the centromere to form an "x" Gametes
- cells used by organisms to reproduce sexually
- gametes in humans are haploid (they contain only have of the organism's genetic information) = 23 chromosomes *this is bc 50% of DNA comes from each parent
- other human cells contain all 46 chromosomes Haploid vs. diploid Haploid = there is one set of chromosomes (23) Diploid = there are 2 sets of chromosomes (one set from each parent) ( chromosomes) Homeostasis the ability and tendency of an organism, cell, or body to adjust to environmental changes to maintain equilibrium
metaphase:
- spindle moves to the center of the cell and chromosome pairs align along the center of the spindle structure anaphase:
- pairs of chromosomes, called sisters, begin to pull apart
- when they are separated, they are called daughter chromosomes telophase:
- spindle disintegrates, nuclear membranes reform
- chromosomes revert to chromatin *in animal cells = the membrane is pinched *plant cells = a new cell wall begins to form Cytokinesis:
- physical splitting of the cell (including the cytoplasm) into 2 cells Cancerous Cells
- The DNA or gene structure is disrupted.
- Abnormal numbers of chromosomes can develop.
- They can have defective Krebs cycles, and get most of their energy from glycolysis.
- They mainly produce energy without using oxygen.
- They lack a blood vessel system and use amino acids to construct it.
- the enzymes and hormones tend to be overactive or underactive Cell Theory
- all living things are based up of cells
- cells are the basic units of life
- new cells are formed from pre-existing cells
- all cells are similar *Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann Anabolic Reaction
- builds larger and more complex molecules (macromolecules) from smaller ones
- require energy Catabolic Reaction
- larger molecules are broken down into smaller, simpler molecules
- release energy Chemiosmosis
- a process by which energy is made available for ADP to form ATP
- electrons move down the electron transport chain, the energy pumps protons to one side of a membrane
- the equilibrium is disrupted at this point bc the concentration gradient where the protons have gathered is greater than the concentration gradient on the other side of the membrane
- the protons diffuse through the membrane as a result - > the energy of this process fuels phosphorylation
- enzymes act as catalysts by lowering the activation energy necessary for a reaction Glycolysis
- glucose is converted into pyruvate and energy stored in ATP bonds is released Monosaccharides
- A pairs with T
- C pairs with G DNA Replication
- steps in DNA replication are controlled by enzymes
- the enzyme helicase instigates the deforming of hydrogen bonds between the bases to split the two strands
- splitting A-T bonds and C-G bonds
- each strand of DNA is transcribed by an mRNA
- it copies the DNA onto itself, base by base, in a complementary manner
- Uracil (U) replaces thymine (T) in the replication DNA polymerase
- helps form the DNA strand by linking nucleotides DNA Ligase links the existing shorter strands into a longer strand Types of RNA
- RNA acts as a helper to DNA *Ribosomal RNA (rRNA):
- in the ribosomes *Messenger RNA (mRNA):
- carries a copy of a strand of DNA and transports it from the nucleus to the cytoplasm *Transfer RNA (tRNA):
- helps in the translation process and is found in the cytoplasm
Differences between RNA & DNA RNA:
- has a different sugar (ribose instead of deoxyribose sugar)
- Nitrogenous bases are Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C)
- single strand
- supports the functions carried out by DNA; aids in gene expression, replication, and transportation DNA:
- deoxyribose sugar
- Nitrogenous bases are Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C)
- double strand Codons
- groups of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA
- a codon has the code for a single amino acid
- 64 codons and only 20 amino acids (more than one combination can be used to synthesize the necessary amino acids) Mutations
- gene disorders are the result of DNA mutations
- DNA mutations lead to unfavorable gene disorders, but provide genetic variability
- the diversity can lead to increased survivability of a species
- mutations can be: neutral, beneficial, or harmful
- mutations can be hereditary tRNA Anticodons
- the rRNA interprets the code again in a complementary fashion A - > U G - > C
Allele
- a variation of a gene
- aka a trait
- determines the manifestation of a gene
- this manifestation results in a specific physical apperance of some fact of an organism Monohybrid vs. Dihybrid Cross Monohybrid:
- involving 1 trait
- ratio is 3: Dihybrid cross:
- involving more than one trait
- ratio of genotypes is 9:3:3: Crossing over
- the swapping of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
- leads to different combinations of genes showing up in a phenotype
- this is part of gene recombination, which is when DNA breaks down and is then reassembled Polygenic inheritance
- traits are influences by more than one gene, and takes into account environmental influences on development Complete Dominance
- situation in which a homozygous pair of dominant alleles (AA) and a heterozygous pair of alleles (Aa) result in the same phenotype Dominant genes have the characteristics:
- they are expressed in each generation
- they are passed on to roughly half the offspring
- a parent that does not express the trait cannot pass it on to offspring
- complete dominance states that one gene consisting of two alleles is the only factor involved in the creation of a phenotype ABO Blood System
- example of co-dominance and multiple alleles (there are more than two possible alleles)
- Alleles are A, B, and O
- A & B are co-dominant (both alleles are completely expressed)
- A produces type A antigens
- B produces type B antigens
- Type O does not produce enzymes, nor does it have antigens on its surface
- antigens trigger a response in the immune system to help repel foreign substances Blood Types 4 types:
- A, B, AB, O *AA & AO = Type A Blood *BB & BO = Type B blood *AB = Type AB Blood (Universal recipients bc they do not have the antibodies that will attack A and B antigen molecules
- O allele is recessive *OO = Type O blood (universal donors bc they do not have the type of antigens that can trigger immune system responses
