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Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 1 Studying Development
1 Homo psychologicus is: a) a person with a degree in psychology b) any human being c) a healer in ancient Roman times d) a philosopher
2 Consciousness, according to Nicholas Humphrey (1984), is: a) the person’s theory of cognition b) the study of the system that governs the ideas people use to convey meaning c) knowledge of our own thoughts and feelings as a guide for understanding how others are likely to think, feel and therefore behave d) the id, the ego and the superego
3 The discipline of child development is: a) the systematic study of children’s development grounded in empirical research and theory building b) knowledge that the child has about his/own developmental processes c) the study of parent--child relationships d) the study of children in their social context
4 What was one of the earliest scientific studies of child development? a) Piaget’s case studies of his own children b) Freud’s case studies of his patients c) Darwin’s case study of his son’s development d) Binet’s research into children’s intelligence
5 What is development? a) the process by which an organism (human or animal) grows and changes through its life- span b) the first five years of life c) the process of growth from infancy through to adolescence d) all of the above
6 What is a cross-sectional design? a) a research design in which an investigator might look at the same age group over time b) a random sample of different age groups c) a research design in which an investigator might look at several age groups simultaneously d) a study of language development over time
7 What is a longitudinal design? a) a research design in which the investigator follows certain individuals over a given time period, measuring change b) a research design in which an investigator might look at several age groups simultaneously c) a study of language development over time d) a random sample of different age groups
8 What are key disadvantages of longitudinal research? a) the possibility of subject attrition b) any long-term longitudinal study runs the risk of becoming dated in its conception and conclusions c) it is very time-consuming d) all of the above
9 What, according to Baltes, are the major influences on development throughout the life-span? a) normative age-graded events b) normative history-graded events c) non-normative life events d) all of the above
10 What is an example of a normative age-graded influence with a strong biological component? a) the advent of puberty b) entering school at 5 years c) learning to speak Spanish d) the events of World War II
11 It is not necessary or possible to get informed consent when carrying out research on young children. Is this true? a) yes, because young children cannot understand these things b) no, investigators should have due respect for children’s rights and welfare c) yes, because the needs of science justify the means d) yes, ethical guidelines only apply to adults
12 What is an example of non-normative influence on development? a) the advent of television b) the effects of brain damage arising from an accident c) the advent of puberty d) the age of going to school
13 What is a cohort-sequential design? a) research that combines aspects of cross-sectional, longitudinal and cohort design b) the study of the impact of historical change on the same individuals over time c) a research design in which the investigator follows certain individuals over a given time period, measuring change d) none of the above
14 What is Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model? a) an interaction among the processes of person, context and time b) the study of the environment c) the study of society d) the study of culture
15 When do developmental psychologists carry out correlational analyses? a) when they examine whether a certain behaviour occurs systematically or more frequently together with some other particular behaviour or in some particular situation b) when they estimate the probability that certain child behaviours will occur c) when they follow through a hunch about why children behave as they do at certain ages d) when they study the relationships between parents and their children
Chapter 2 Biological and Cultural Theories of Development
1 Dizygotic twins: a) are genetically identical b) come from a single fertilized egg cell c) may be of the same or different sex d) are not really twins but only appear to be so
2 Shared family environment refers to: a) aspects of the family environment common to all siblings b) the influence of television on children’s behaviour c) effects of birth order d) attachment between mother and child
3 Recent behaviour genetic studies of infant attachment suggest that: a) attachment is an unrealistic construct b) there is a major role for genetic influence on all types of attachment security c) there is no role for genetic influence on any types of attachment security d) some genes have been related to disorganized attachment
4 Down’s syndrome children: a) have unusually gifted drawing abilities b) are more frequent in younger mothers c) are usually sociable and friendly d) tend to be hyperactive
5 Instinct refers to a behaviour which: a) is observed in all normal healthy members of a species b) needs only quite general environmental input (such as is necessary for healthy growth) c) is little influenced by the environment d) is all of the above
6 Canalization of behaviour refers to: a) evidence for an early aquatic phase of human evolution b) directions of development in which environmental variations have little effect c) directions of development in which genetic variations have little effect d) ways in which human infants resemble non-human primate infants
7 Imprinting refers to: a) a process of learning b) characteristic marks on the beaks of ducklings c) a behaviour found only in some bird species d) none of the above
8 Studies of chimpanzees show that they: a) show no signs of pretend play b) show rudimentary signs of pretend play c) show signs of pretend play equivalent to 3-year old children d) show signs of pretend play equivalent to 4-year old children
9 Studies of deception show that: a) it is well-known in many animal species b) is particularly complex in primates c) is not necessarily a sign of high intelligence d) all of the above
10 The evidence that chimpanzees have mindreading abilities is: a) unequivocal b) still to be investigated c) impossible to answer d) uncertain although still vigorously debated
11 Kin selection refers to: a) tendencies for inbreeding b) choosing siblings as play partners c) a selection pressure to help genetic relatives d) reciprocating help given by others
12 Parent-offspring conflict theory predicts that: a) parents will have harmonious relations with offspring b) siblings will help each other c) siblings will compete with each other d) parents will always favour one offspring over another
13 Evolutionary psychology argues that: a) our present-day psychology can be explained by our evolutionary history b) our psychological mechanisms are adapted to urban living c) the human brain has a generalized, non-modular capacity d) all of the above
14 Evolutionary developmental psychology argues that: a) all features of childhood prepare the way for adulthood b) genetic influences are much more powerful than environmental influences c) the sex difference in physical aggression is seen as having adaptive value d) children are well adapted to formal schooling
15 Which of the following is not a criticism of evolutionary explanations of human behaviour? a) evolutionary explanations are criticized as ‘just so’ stories b) human behaviour is so flexible that an enormous variety of behaviours can be readily learnt c) some human behaviour development is canalized d) there are enormous cultural variations in behaviour
16 The ‘culture and personality’ school of anthropology: a) rejected the work of Benedict and Mead b) related the subsistence nature of a society to its childhood socialization practices c) emphasized common features of development in all cultures d) all of the above
17 The cultural--ecological model of Cole: a) puts an emphasis on specific child-rearing practices b) rejects the Vygotskian viewpoint c) led to a less contextualized approach to the study of development d) argued that children learn through a form of apprenticeship with adults
18 The concept of a developmental niche: a) conceptualizes both the child and the environment as active and interactive systems b) strongly emphasizes genetic influences on development c) regards all cultures as basically equivalent for child development d) has been rejected by most psychologists
Chapter 3 Prenatal Development and Birth
1 The embryonic stage of pregnancy: a) is complete after two weeks b) lasts from about the third to the eighth week after conception c) lasts from about the second to ninth month after conception d) is when the heartbeat can be heard
2 Pregnancy sickness in the early stages of pregnancy: a) may be an adaptive mechanism to protect the embryo against toxic chemicals from foods b) peaks at around 6 to 8 weeks c) is found cross-culturally d) all of the above
3 Which of the following statements is true? a) the fetus responds to auditory stimuli which are filtered through the amniotic fluid b) congenital deafness can be diagnosed during the prenatal period c) the fetus distinguishes between music, language and other sounds d) all of the above
4 Which of the following was NOT a consequence of bipedalism? a) it freed up the hands for making tools b) it restricted the pelvic opening through which the infant is born c) it led to the origin of spoken language d) it helped shorten the gestational period
5 The human infant’s brain size reaches one-half adult size by: a) birth b) 6 months c) 1 year d) 3 years
6 Human milk composition is: a) primarily constituted of fat, protein and carbohydrates including lactose b) typical of a species where feeding would be on demand c) similar to that of other primates d) all of the above
7 The colostrum: a) is expelled by the mother after birth b) is a yellowish or bluish very first milk c) does not contain vitamins d) is one kind of teratogen
8 A very low birthweight (VLBW) infant: a) weighs around 3,000 -- 4,000 gm b) weighs less than 2500 gm at birth c) weighs below 1500 gm d) weighs below 1000 gm
9 Which of the following is NOT a perinatal risk factor? a) prematurity b) low birth weight c) mother smoking during pregnancy d) breech delivery
10 The study by Werner and Smith in Kuaui found that: a) girls were more susceptible to risk factors generally, than boys b) perinatal factors are more important than psychosocial factors c) temperament was important in predicting later outcomes d) perinatal factors were of no long-term consequence
11 Recent research suggests that: a) low to moderate perinatal risk factors can seldom be overcome b) very low birthweight babies have poorer developmental outcomes c) a good psychosocial environment can compensate even for severe perinatal risk d) intensive intervention programmes for very low birthweight infants have had encouraging results
12 Infants are especially interested in stimuli that: a) are monotones b) are stationary c) have a lot of contour information d) all of the above
13 The ‘contingency mobile’ experiment showed that: a) infants enjoy contingent responses b) infants respond preferentially to human faces c) infants respond preferentially to familiar stimuli d) infants are initially more interested in novel stimuli
14 The ‘still face’ experiment: a) showed that infants are upset when familiar expectations are violated b) was an improvement on double video live--replay experiments c) has not been replicated d) proved that infants are fussy in experimental situations
15 Imitation is: a) not an important feature of infant learning b) not seen until 1 year of age c) may be seen as early as 12--21 days d) is limited to tongue protrusion in early infancy
16 Researchers are agreed that: a) the abilities of infants assist them in getting into social interaction sequences with adult caregivers b) adults have the major role in social interaction until about 1 year of age c) newborn and adult spontaneously display a mutually satisfying intersubjectivity d) none of the above
Chapter 4 Parents and Families
1 Attachment between infant and caregiver refers to: e) the infant clinging to the caregiver f) the infant maintaining proximity to the caregiver g) the infant recognising the caregiver h) the infant smiling
2 Mary Ainsworth: a) described attachment behaviours in Ganda infants b) devised the strange situation a) suggested the categories of attachment security b) all of the above
3 Attachments are usually made to: a) one person only b) the person who does the nappy changing c) someone who is interactive and responsive d) none of the above
4 Studies in kibbutzim show that: a) infants were strongly attached to both the mother, and the metapelet b) collective sleeping arrangements were associated with a greater incidence of insecure attachment c) a communal child-rearing environment fosters group-oriented skills and close peer relationships d) all of the above
5 Type D (disorganized) babies are: a) characterized by conspicuous avoidance of proximity to or interaction with the mother in the reunion episodes b) characterized by actively seeking and maintaining proximity, contact or interaction with the mother, especially in the reunion episodes c) characterized by conspicuous contact- and interaction-resisting behaviour in the reunion episodes d) characterized by no one clear pattern, but show inconsistent and often bizarre responses to separation/reunion
6 Attachment type appears to be most influenced by: a) genetics b) maternal sensitivity c) paternal sensitivity d) there is insufficient evidence to distinguish the above
7 Internal working models are: a) hypothetical constructs b) cognitive structures embodying the memories of day-to-day interactions with the attachment figure c) ‘schemas’ or ‘event scripts’ which guide the child’s actions with the attachment figure d) all of the above
8 The Separation Anxiety Test is: a) a doll-play task b) a way of measuring attachment in children of school age c) an alternative way of scoring the Strange Situation d) a measure used with adults
9 The Adult Attachment Interview is: a) suitable for pre-adolescents b) a semi-structured interview that probes memories of one’s own early childhood experiences c) coded on the basis of the experiences recounted d) all of the above
10 Studies with the AAI show that: a) fathers are more autonomous than mothers b) adolescents are more dismissive than mothers c) clinical patients are less autonomous than non-patients d) all of the above
11 Inter-generational studies show that: a) there is no substantial linkage between adult AAI and infant Strange Situation coding b) there is considerable linkage between adult AAI and infant Strange Situation coding c) there is considerable linkage between adult AAI and infant Strange Situation coding, but only for mothers who score as disorganized d) there is considerable linkage between adult AAI and infant Strange Situation coding, but only for Holocaust victims
12 Disorganized infant attachment has been found to be: a) unrelated to any genetic factors b) higher in infants with physical disabilities c) related to frightened or frightening behaviour by the mother d) unrelated to maltreatment or abuse
13 Most research suggests that: a) Bowlby was right with his maternal deprivation hypothesis b) moderate shared care of infants is unusual and detrimental c) extreme shared care has no ill effects d) institutional rearing can lead to problems in social behaviour
14 Researchers agree that studies of day care show that: a) day care does not have adverse effects provided that it is of high quality b) a robust association exists between extensive non-maternal care experience initiated in the first year of life and insecure infant–mother attachment assessed in the Strange Situation c) there are no main effects of day care amount or quality on attachment security d) despite arguments of different researchers, there is no consensus on these issues
Chapter 5 The Peer Group
1 Observations of children aged 1 to 2 years in mother-and-toddler groups show that: a) they have a high level of peer interaction b) they look at their mothers a lot but make more physical contact with peers c) when one child picks up or plays with an object, another child is likely to do the same d) they engage in associative group play
2 An example of a sibling comparison process would be: a) when one sibling does well at school, the other develops low self-esteem b) when one sibling does well at school, the other sibling works even harder c) when one sibling does well at school, the other redirects their energy into sports d) all of the above
3 ‘Parallel play’ is: a) when children play near each other with the same materials, but do not interact much b) when children interact together at an activity, doing similar things c) when children interact together in complementary ways d) all of the above
4 A sociogram refers to: a) a measure of similarity of weight in friends b) observational methodology used with children c) a picture of the social structure in a group d) an assessment of sociometric status
5 A social-cognitive map is: a) useful for understanding complex cliques or groups in older children b) obtained by asking ‘are there people who hang around together a lot at school?’ c) obtained by combining information from different informants d) all of the above
6 ‘Controversial’ sociometric status children: a) receive many ‘like most’ and many ‘like least’ nominations b) are not aggressive c) have low cognitive and social abilities d) all of the above
7 Which statement is generally not true about ‘rejected’ sociometric status children? a) they are the most stable status type b) there are several distinct subtypes of rejected children c) only a small proportion are aggressive d) few children like them and many actually dislike them
8 Aggressive children: a) tend to be disliked in the early school years but may be more popular in adolescence b) tend to be liked in the early school years but may be less popular in adolescence c) tend to be disliked in the early school years and in adolescence d) tend to be popular in the early school years and in adolescence
9 Sociometrically neglected children have been found to be: a) disliked by teachers b) prosocial and compliant c) doing poorly academically d) score highest on loneliness scales
10 Compared to non-friends, friends consistently show: a) more frequent conflicts b) less frequent conflicts c) more frequent conflict resolution d) less frequent conflict resolution
11 In studying children’s conceptions of friendship it is found that: a) younger school age children do not have a conception of ‘friendship’ b) intimacy and commitment are important even for young children c) intimacy and commitment are important by 6 to 8 years d) intimacy and commitment become important in adolescence
12 Evidence for the importance of friendship and social acceptance at school, for later adjustment, shows that: a) both friendship and social acceptance are important, in the same way b) both friendship and social acceptance are important, but in different ways c) friendship is more important than social acceptance d) social acceptance is more important than friendship
13 A successful method of social skills training is: a) to pair a preschool child with a younger partner b) to watch a film showing an initially withdrawn child in a series of increasingly complex peer interactions c) to coach children how to co-operate and communicate with peers d) all of the above
14 The linearity of a dominance hierarchy refers to: a) the extent to which children can verbalize the hierarchy of their group b) how many reversals of expected position there are c) the extent to which the more dominant children are liked d) the extent to which the more dominant children are leaders
15 Observations of aggressive behaviour in young children show that: a) conflicts increase with age b) there is already some stability in which children are aggressive c) girls are as physically aggressive as boys are up to age 5 d) none of the above
16 A hostile attribution bias is typical of: a) proactive aggression b) reactive aggression c) indirect aggression d) social aggression
17 High aggression in childhood is associated with: a) poor self-esteem b) high levels of parental monitoring c) lack of parental warmth d) none of the above
Chapter 6 Becoming Socially Aware
1 By around 9--12 months infants can: a) show wariness of an unfamiliar peer b) differentiate between photographs of baby and adult faces c) respond differentially to photographs of female and male strangers d) all of the above
2 Darwin’s research on emotional development in his son is an example of: a) experimental design b) diary method c) survey method d) correlational analysis
3 The earliest emotional distinction one can make for babies is between: a) disgusted and bored b) ashamed and unashamed c) happy and sad/distressed d) calm and afraid
4 Social referencing refers to: a) an infant looking at the parent/caregiver reacting themselves b) an infant reacting to a novel situation then looking at parent/caregiver for reassurance c) an infant looking at both mother and father before deciding who to approach d) an infant looking more at a peer than at as parent
5 In his book Children and Emotion , Harris argued that an important precursor for the child to be able to understand another person’s mind was: a) self-awareness b) the capacity for pretence c) distinguishing reality from pretence d) all of the above
6 When told the following story: ‘Diana falls over and hurts herself. She knows that the other children will laugh if she shows how she feels. So she tries to hide how she feels’, and asked ‘What will Diana do, and why?’ A child can explain that Diana will look happy, and explain why, by: a) 3 years b) 4 years c) 5 years d) 6 years
7 Correctly labelling another person or figure as male or female is a measure of: a) gender identity b) gender constancy c) gender stability d) gender stereotyping
8 Cross-cultural studies of sex differences in socialization suggest that differences are less strong when: a) male strength is important for hunting or herding b) there are small family groups c) older girls are required to look after younger siblings d) none of the above
9 Collaer and Hines concluded that the evidence for the effects of sex hormone abnormalities on behaviour is relatively strong for: a) aggression b) sexual orientation c) play behaviour d) all of the above
10 Self-socialization refers to: a) parents reinforcing sex-appropriate behaviour b) children imitating same-sex models because they spend more time with them c) children imitating same-sex models because they realize that this is what a child of their own sex usually does d) children finding same-sex play partners more rewarding because of similar interests ultimately deriving from biological and hormonal influences
11 Gender schemas: a) are cognitive structures that organize gender knowledge into a set of expectations about what it is important to observe, and what it is appropriate to imitate b) help children to form evaluations of and make assumptions about peers, based on their sex c) are formed around a basic in-group/out-group division d) all of the above
12 If 8-year-olds are shown an Italian boy wearing Native American Indian clothes they will say that: a) the boy is Italian b) the boy is a Native American Indian c) the boy was born Italian and later became a Native American Indian d) they don’t know to which ethnic group the boy belongs
13 In some early studies of ethnic preference 4-year-olds were shown different dolls. The general finding from these early studies was that: a) most white children played with both black and white dolls b) most black children played with both black and white dolls c) most black children preferred to play with black dolls d) most black children preferred to play with white dolls
14 Aboud (1988) suggested that most children do not show racial prejudice before the age of: a) 4 years b) 6 years c) 8 years d) 10 years
15 If violent television has a ‘cathartic’ effect this means that children who watch a violent television programme will show: a) more aggressive behaviour after watching the programme b) more aggressive behaviour after watching the programme but only if they are already children with above average levels of aggression c) less aggressive behaviour after watching the programme d) no change in the level of their aggression after watching the programme
Chapter 7 Play
1 Play behaviour: a) is different from exploration b) is often characterized by play signals c) is characterized by flexibility d) all of the above
2 Piaget’s sequence of play was: a) exercise play/language play/games with rules b) constructive play/rough-and-tumble play/games with rules c) exercise play/language play/symbolic play d) practice play/symbolic play/games with rules
3 Smilansky took Piaget’s scheme and introduced the concept of: a) constructive play: b) rough-and-tumble play c) exercise play d) games with rules
4 A way of recognizing play fighting from real fighting is that: a) there are many onlookers for play fighting b) play fights are longer c) play fights are often between friends d) all of the above
5 Decentration in pretend play refers to a) pretending to go to sleep b) using complex language in pretence c) using substitute objects in pretence d) incorporating other participants into pretend activities
6 When asked to pretend to brush their teeth, or comb their hair a) most 3- and 4-year-olds imagined the brush or comb in their hand b) most 6- to 8-year-olds used a substitute body part c) most 6- to 8-year-olds imagined the brush or comb in their hand d) none of the above
7 A longitudinal study of pretend play in the home by Haight and Miller (1993) found that: a) three-quarters of pretend play was social b) three-quarters of pretend play was solitary c) the earliest pretend play episodes were more likely to be solitary, than social d) solo episodes were generally longer than joint episodes of pretend play
8 Research on children’s war play proves that: a) it encourages actual aggressive behaviour b) it does little if any harm c) parents have very varied views on the topic d) researchers can agree even on difficult social issues
9 The transition into playing games with rules is: a) developmentally sudden b) at around 4 to 5 years c) at around 6 to 7 years d) at around 10 to 12 years
10 It is clear that: a) there are social class differences in pretend play b) children from non-urban societies show less frequent and less complex fantasy play c) there are sex differences in the frequency of pretend play d) there are sex differences in the choice of roles in sociodramatic play
11 Who encouraged a positive evaluation of the educational significance of play, as compared with the rote-learning approach? a) Spencer b) Froebel c) Stanley Hall d) Freud
12 Who developed the exercise or practice theory of play? a) Pestalozzi b) Freud c) Groos d) Vygotsky
13 Who did not value pretend or sociodramatic play, seeing pretence as primitive and an escape from reality? a) Froebel b) Vygotsky c) Bruner d) Montessori
14 Piaget thought that play: a) was a primacy of assimilation over accommodation b) consolidated existing skills by repeated execution of known schemas c) gave a child a sense of ‘ego continuity’ d) all of the above
15 Susan Isaacs believed that: a) play was the child’s work b) play was a form of surplus energy c) pretend play was an escape from reality d) play was a form of recapitulation
16 An example of the ‘design studies’ approach to play is that: a) a lot of talk about mental states takes place in pretend play b) coordination with a large number of partners is often involved in rough-and-tumble play c) there is considerable negotiation about social roles in sociodramatic play d) all of the above
17 A study by Watson and Peng (1992) found an association for boys between a history of toy- gun play and levels of aggression. This shows that: a) toy gun play leads to aggression b) temperamentally aggressive children also like playing with toy guns c) boys and girls have different liking for toy guns d) no firm conclusions can be drawn
