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What are the 3 Types of Muscle tissue?
SkeletalSmoothCardiac TERM 2
Skeletal muscle, Where does it attach? and
etc
DEFINITION 2 Attaches to bone skin or fasciaStriated with many nucleiVoluntary control TERM 3
Cardiac muscle
DEFINITION 3 Makes up heart wallsstriatedbranched cells connected by intercalated discs with gap junctionsinvoluntary with autorythmicity TERM 4
Smooth Muscle
DEFINITION 4 In walls of hallow organs, blood vessels, airways, and gi tractnonstriatedinvoluntary with some autorythmicity TERM 5
What are the 5 functions of Muscles Tissue
DEFINITION 5 MovementStabilizing body positionsRegulating organ volumes with sphinctersMovement of subastance wtihin the bodyProduce heat via thermogensis by shivering and as a byproduct of normal contraction
What are the 5 properties of Muscles tissue
Excitability -respond to chem released from nerve cells or ph changeConductivity- ability to propagate electricaol signals via plasma memContractility- ability to shorten to generate forceExtensibility- ability to strtch without damaging the tissueElasticity- ability to return to orginal shape TERM 7
Superficial fascia
DEFINITION 7 loose connective tissue (Ar) and fat (Ad) nderlying the skin TERM 8
Deep Fascia
DEFINITION 8 Dence irregular (DI) connective tissue around muscles TERM 9
Connective tissue componets of an individual
muscle itself include?
DEFINITION 9 EpimysiumPerimysiumEndomysium TERM 10
Epimysium
DEFINITION 10 DI- surround the whole muscle
Satellite cells
Retain ability to regenerate some new cells, "stick to muscles cells TERM 17
Sarcolemma
DEFINITION 17 Muscles cell's plasma membrane TERM 18
Sarcoplasm
DEFINITION 18 cytoplasm that contains red colored oxygen binding protein myoglobin and many tiny striated threads Myofibrils TERM 19
T (transverse) tubles
DEFINITION 19 system of invaginations of the sarcolemmafilled with extracellular fluidcarry muscle action potentials throught fiber TERM 20
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
DEFINITION 20 System of tubular sacs similar to smooth ER,Stores Ca+ in a relaxed muscleReleases of Ca triggers muscle contraction
With in myofibrilos there are 2 types of
contractil protines?
Thin and thick filaments TERM 22
Do filaments extend the entir legento fo the
myofibrl?
DEFINITION 22 NO TERM 23
Myofibrils are comprised of a series of
compartments called?
DEFINITION 23 Sarcomers TERM 24
What seperates neighboring sarcomers from
each other?
DEFINITION 24 Z discs TERM 25
What attaches to Z discs?
DEFINITION 25 Thin filaments
What are thin filaments made
of?
Thin filament is the dna looking thing that the thick filament myson heads bind toThey have actin, troponin and tropomyosin TERM 32
Actin
DEFINITION 32 Globular protein (in helical string) contains binding sites for thiscck filaments myosin binding site TERM 33
Troponin
DEFINITION 33 a golbular regulatory protein that contains binding sites for Ca+ holds tropomyosin in place TERM 34
Tropomyosin
DEFINITION 34 a filamentous regulatory protein that convers the myosin binding sites in relaxed muscle TERM 35
Titin
DEFINITION 35 Anchors thick filament to the M line and Z discfunctions a role in recovery of the muscle from being over stretched and elasticity
The M line
myomesin connects to titin and adjacent thick filaments TERM 37
Nebulin
DEFINITION 37 an inelastic protein that helps align thin filaments TERM 38
Dystrophin
DEFINITION 38 links thin filaments to sarcolemma, transmits the tension generated to the CT elements and thus teh tendon TERM 39
Describe the sliding filament mechanism of
contraction
DEFINITION 39 Myosin cross bridges pull on tthin filamentsthin filaments slid inwardz discs come toward each otherthe h zone shortens, as well as the I band, the A band stays the sameThick and thin filaments do not change in legenth!! TERM 40
How Does a Contractioni Begin?
DEFINITION 40 A nerve (moter Neuron) carring an action potential ends at a synaptic end bulb on surface of muscle
Action potential causes _____ to be realsed by
______ and goes into the ______
Ca+SRSarcoplasm TERM 47
Once the AP reaches the Scarsplsam describe
what happens next?
DEFINITION 47 Ca binds to troponin which causes troponin tropomyson complex to move and reveal myosin binding sites on actinthe ocntraction cycle begins TERM 48
Describe the contraction cycle
DEFINITION 48 It is the repeating sequence of events cused by the thick and thin filaments to move past each other4 stepsATP hydrolysisAttachment of myosin to actin to form cross bridgespower strokedeaachment of myosin from actin as the ATP bindsCycle keeps repeating as long as there is ATP and CA level near thin filament TERM 49
Look up contraction cycle on youtube
DEFINITION 49 do it TERM 50
What does Acetylcholinesterase
do?
DEFINITION 50 AChE breaks down ACh within the synaptic cleft
Describe how muscles
relax?
AChE breaks down ACh in Synaptic cleftMuscles action potential stopsCa release channel closeActive transport pumps Ca back into the SRCalcium binding protein (calsequestrin) helps hold Ca in SRTropomyosin-troponin complex covers binding site on the actin TERM 52
Look up a review of the NMJ and Contractin
Events on youtube or pp
DEFINITION 52 DO IT NOW TERM 53
What do muscles need when they are
active?
DEFINITION 53 O2 and ATP TERM 54
What is the quick way muscles use
ATP?
DEFINITION 54 They use the sarcoplasmic ATP only lasts for few seconds TERM 55
What are the other 3 sourcs of ATP for muscle
cells?
DEFINITION 55 Creatine PhosphateAnaerobic cellular respirationAerobic cellular respiration
how long can glycolysis provide
enrgy?
About 30 to 40 seconds TERM 62
If oxygen is available pyruvic acid enters the
______ and generats _____ ATP water CO2 and
______
DEFINITION 62 Mitochondria36Heat TERM 63
This provides ATP for any activitiy lasting over
30 seconds?
DEFINITION 63 Aerobic cellular respriation TERM 64
What is a motor
unit?
DEFINITION 64 One somatic motor neuron and all the skeletal muscl cells it stimulateson adverage is about 150 muscle fibers but ranges from a few to 1000 TERM 65
What effects the total stregenth of
acontraction?
DEFINITION 65 How many motor units are activatedHow large the motor units arehow frequency of impussles at the NMJ
What is the latent period of a twitch
contraction?
The time it takes from the action potential to the begening of a contractionca is being released from SRSlack is being removed from elastic componets TERM 67
How long does a twitch contraction last?
DEFINITION 67 20 to 200 msec TERM 68
Myogram
DEFINITION 68 Graph of a twitch contractioncan you draw it? TERM 69
Contraction period
DEFINITION 69 Filaments slide past each other TERM 70
Relaxation period
DEFINITION 70 Active transport of CA into SR
How to Motor Units control muscle functino?
Some are focused on precise movments which require smaller cfontractions thus a small motor units, large muscles groups like the the quads are large motor units because they can be less percise and a large tension is their focus TERM 77
What is muscle tone?
DEFINITION 77 The invountary contraction of a small number of motor units, which keeps the muscles firm enven though they are relaxed, does not promote movement TERM 78
Why is muscle tone
important?
DEFINITION 78 Essential for maintaing posture, holding head uprightalso inportant in maintaining blood pressure TERM 79
Red muscle fibers have more?
DEFINITION 79 Myoglobin and capillaries TERM 80
White muscles fibers have
less?
DEFINITION 80 Myoglobin and capillaries
How do skeletal muscle fibers differ?
Contaction and relaxation speeds vary how fast myosin ATPase hydrolyzes ATPResistance to fatigue Different metabolic reactons used to generat ATP TERM 82
How are muscle fibers clasified?
DEFINITION 82 Slow oxidativeFast GlycolyticFast Oxidative Glycolytic TERM 83
Describe a Slow oxidative
muscle
DEFINITION 83 Slow rate of ATP hydrolysisRed in color- has lots of myoglobin, capillaries, and mitochondrialow in glycoogenfiber samll in diameterprolonged sustained contractions for maintaing posourefatigue resistant TERM 84
Fast glycolytic muscle
fibers?
DEFINITION 84 Fast at ATP hydrolysisWhite in color- low in myoglobin, capillaries and mitochondria, high in glycogenFibers large in diameterAnaerobic movements of short duration- weight liftingquick to fatigue TERM 85
Fast Oxidative
Glycolytic
DEFINITION 85 Fast ATP hydrolysisReddish color- high in myoglobin, capillaries, mtochon, and have MODERATE GLYCOGEN STORESFibers are intermediate in dimeterused include walking, and sprintingmoderate fatigue resistance
Visceral
single unitfound in the wlass of halolow viscera and small BVautorhythmicgapjunctinos alow fibers to contracti in unison TERM 92
Mulitunit Smooth Muscle
DEFINITION 92 Individual fibers with own motor ueuron terminalfound in large arteries airways, arrector pilimuscles and iris of eyevery few Gap junctions TERM 93
Smooth Muscles dont have?
DEFINITION 93 T tubules and very little SR for Ca storagehas thick and thin filaments but are not orderly arragned so lack sarcomerscontraction relies on network of intermediat filaments TERM 94
How does smooth muscle contract?
DEFINITION 94 Sliding of thick and thin filaments generates tensiontransferred to intermediat fiaments and Dense bodies (in Sarcolemma and sarcoplasm)muscle fibers contracts and twist into a helix as it shortens, relaxes by untwisting TERM 95
Describe contraction of a smooth muscle
DEFINITION 95 Contraction starts slowly and lasts longer contraction is very energy efficeient no t tubes verey little SR CA must flow in from outside
Calmodulin
Replaces troponin Ca binds to calodulin turingin on an enzymefound in smooth muscleenzyme works slowly which slowes the contraction TERM 97
How is smooth muscle tone achieved?
DEFINITION 97 Ca moves slowly out of the cell this delays the relaxation and provids a state of continued partial contractionthis is usefull for mantainint blood presssure or a steady pressure on the contents of gi tract TERM 98
How to skeletal muscles produce
movement?
DEFINITION 98 Bonse act as leversJoints act as fulcrumsmovement is a resutl of effort agains resistance TERM 99
Orgin of musle
DEFINITION 99 Orgin- bone that does not move when muscle shortens TERM 100
insertion
DEFINITION 100 The movabel bone
