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Muscles
One of the four primary tissue types
TERM 2
Major functions of Muscles
DEFINITION 2
contract- produces movementmaintain
posturestabilizejointssupport soft tissueguard openings to
the bodymaintain temp
TERM 3
Similarities of Muscle
DEFINITION 3
cells are elongatedconvert chemical tomechanical
energyability to contract
TERM 4
Two types of myofiliments
DEFINITION 4
ActinMyosin
TERM 5
Four Shared Properties of
Muscles
DEFINITION 5
Excitability - Responds to stimuliContractility - Able to
shorten and exert forceExtensibility - Can be stretched
beyond resting lengthElasticity- Returns to resting length
Three types of muscle
SkeletalSmoothCardiac
TERM 7
Skeletal
DEFINITION 7
attached to boneFunction- posture, movement,
heat,stabilizejointsStriations are over
lappingfilamentsmultinucleated cellsspeed of contraction is
slow and fast
TERM 8
Smooth Muscle
DEFINITION 8
Surrounds hollow openings in organsspindle shapedsingle
centrally located nucleusno striationsinvoluntaryspeed is
slowarranged in layers, circular andlongitudinally and they
contract alternatively
TERM 9
Cardiac Muscles
DEFINITION 9
Found in the heartstriatedsingle nucleusintercalated disks =
where one cell joins anothercontractions propel blood though
the heartinvoluntary movementarranged in spiral or figure 8
bundles
TERM 10
Sarco =
DEFINITION 10
Muscle or meat
Nucleus
(SM)
just below the sarcolemma
TERM 17
Some covered by
(SM)
DEFINITION 17
Fascia
TERM 18
Muscle Tendon
(SM)
DEFINITION 18
Is an extension of the connective tissue, epimysium,
perimysium, at the ends of muscles, these will form
connections to bone, etc.
TERM 19
Transverse or T-tubules
DEFINITION 19
opening on the sarcolemma, that lead to a network of tubes
TERM 20
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
DEFINITION 20
Endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell, wraps around
myofibers, stores and releases calcium ion's
Mitochondria
(SM)
A lot of them, allow for mass amounts of energy to be
produced
TERM 22
Myofibril
DEFINITION 22
Interlocking of actin myolinfilaments
TERM 23
Z line
DEFINITION 23
base of thin filaments (thin actin)
TERM 24
M Line
DEFINITION 24
base of myolin filaments
TERM 25
Actin Molecules
DEFINITION 25
have thin filaments
Elastic Filament
stretches from Z line to Z line and assists in the muscle recoil
when relaxing.
TERM 32
Neuromuscular
Junction
DEFINITION 32
where the nerve interacts with muscle- gap junction
TERM 33
Action Potential
DEFINITION 33
electrical stimulus that travels the length of the muscle
TERM 34
Acetylcoline
DEFINITION 34
is released from the end of the nerve into the gap junction
TERM 35
The acetylcholine binds to?
DEFINITION 35
the receptors across the cleft on the surface of the muscle cell
(sarcolemma) and opens the gated ion pumps. Na+ ions pass into
the cell while K+ ions pass out but at a slower rate than the NA+,
so there is a depolarization (the insde, sarcoplasm, becomes
slightly less negative, This starts an action potential over the
surface and down the T-tubules
Normal resting state of cell (mv)
-70 mv
TERM 37
Polarized
DEFINITION 37
-70mv
TERM 38
Depolarized
DEFINITION 38
-50mv
TERM 39
The sarcoplasmic reticulum-
DEFINITION 39
responds by releasing calcium ions into the sarcoplasma
TERM 40
The Ca+
DEFINITION 40
binds to triponin and makes it so it exsposes the active side,
and the active site is on the actin
Rigor Mortis
Shows that detachment of the myosin heads from the active sites
requires ATP. At death cells can still exude Ca+ ions at the active
sites, Active sites are exposed and cross bridges occur but with
out ATP to detach them (temperture dependent) to stiffen in 3-
hours, peak at 12 hours, then it gradually breaks down and the
grip is released and the muscles relax 48-60 hours
TERM 47
Muscle
Tension
DEFINITION 47
Force exerted by a contracting muscle
TERM 48
Load
DEFINITION 48
The resistance a muscle is working against
TERM 49
All or none?
DEFINITION 49
Stimulus to the muscle is always the same, Frequency of
stimulation increases power
TERM 50
Muscle
Twitch
DEFINITION 50
Single brief threshold stimulus ( only in lab)
Parts of a
Twitch
Latent Period: Time between when Stimulus arrives and
contraction begins.Contraction Phase: Cross bridges are
formed and reformed, zone of overlap increasesRelaxation
Phase: Cross bridges broken, muscle returns to resting
length
TERM 52
Myogram
DEFINITION 52
Is a graphic recording of the contractile period of a muscle
TERM 53
Wave Summation
DEFINITION 53
The addition of one twitch to another before relaxation is
complete
TERM 54
tetanus
DEFINITION 54
smooth sustained muscle contraction due to rate of impulse
TERM 55
incomplete tetanus
DEFINITION 55
some relaxation before the next twitch
atrophy
loss of muscle tone due to the lack of use
TERM 62
muscle fatigue
DEFINITION 62
used up ATP, build of of lactic acid
TERM 63
exercise and
muscles
DEFINITION 63
muscles will get bigger and stronger
TERM 64
Three types of
Contractions
DEFINITION 64
Isometric = holds a load in placeConcentric = contracting
muscleEccentric = allowing the muscle toelongateunder
control
TERM 65
Muscle
Metabolism
DEFINITION 65
ATP is the energy used for the formation of cross bridges as it
runs the calcium ion pump. Muscles only store about 5
seconds worth of ATP
ATP recharged in 3 ways
Direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatinephosphate---
Creatine Phosphate + ADP --> creatine + ATP (
seconds)Anaerobic Mechanism by glycolysis and lactic Acid---
glucose from blood broken apart in the cytoplasm to produce
2 ATP'sAerobic Respiration--- glucose + oxygen --> carbon
dioxide+ water+ ATP
TERM 67
Muscle Fatigue
DEFINITION 67
Physiologicalinability to contractdepleted ATPorimbalanced
in Ion's
TERM 68
Heat production
DEFINITION 68
40-60% goes to work, rest is to heat
TERM 69
Fast Glycolic Fibers
DEFINITION 69
Most Skeletal Muscle Fiberscontraction.
sec(latentperiod)shape- large in diameterdenselypackedlarge
energy reservelowcapillarynumberswhite in color ( lighter in
color)fewmitochondriafatigue quickly
TERM 70
Slow oxidative fibers
DEFINITION 70
thinner ( half the diameter)lass powerdependent on
oxygenrich capillary supplyred or darker in colorslower, three
times longer to react .03 secfatigue resistant, can contract
for longer timelots ofmitochondria
muscular dystrophy
nine different diseases, resulting in mission genes involved
in muscle cell growth, child onset, fatal
TERM 77
myasthenia
DEFINITION 77
auto immune, againstacetylcholinedegenerative muscle
wastingtreatable but not curable
TERM 78
origin
DEFINITION 78
point of attachment that doesn't move
TERM 79
insertion
DEFINITION 79
point ofattachmentthat moves
TERM 80
prime mover
DEFINITION 80
muscle mostly responsible for movement
antagonist
apossesprime mover
TERM 82
synergist
DEFINITION 82
helps prime mover
TERM 83
flexion
DEFINITION 83
closes angle of joint
TERM 84
extension
DEFINITION 84
opens angle of joint
TERM 85
abduction
DEFINITION 85
takes away from the body
muscle shape
