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NAME____KEY_________________________DATE________________________PERIOD_______
To determine blood types using simulated blood and sera and to determine the possible genotypes and phenotypes of parental crosses.
The presence or absence of specific antigens (proteins) on an individual’s red blood cells determines their blood types. Individuals with the A antigen only have type A blood, and individuals with the B antigen only have type B blood. Individuals with both A and B antigens have type AB blood. The absence of A or B antigens give type O blood.
T H E G E N E T I C S: lA^ – codes for the A antigen lB^ – codes for the B antigen i – codes for no antigen lA^ and lB^ are co-dominant to each other, and both lA^ and lB^ are completely dominant to i.
When bloods of mixed types are mixed, agglutination (CLUMPING) occurs. Agglutination occurs due to antibodies in the blood. Individuals produce antibodies for antigens not present on the blood cells. For example, an individual with type A blood will produce B antibodies, but not A antibodies. We will use this phenomenon to determine blood types using the antibodies in sera.
- Fill in the chart below:
PHENOTYPE GENOTYPE
ANTIGEN PRESENT
ON BLOOD CELL
ANTIBODIES
IN BLOOD
TYPE A IAIA^ or IAi A B TYPE B IBIB^ or IBi B A TYPE AB IAIB^ A & B none TYPE O ii none A & B
In addition to the ABO blood typing system there is an Rh blood group system. If the Rh antigen is present on the surface of the red blood cells then the blood is Rh+. If the Rh antigen is not present then the blood is Rh-. The pattern of inheritance that the Rh blood group system follows is complete dominance. Rh+ is dominant and Rh- is recessive. T H E G E N E T I C S: Rh+ – codes for the Rh antigen Rh- – codes for the no antigen
PHENOTYPE GENOTYPE
ANTIGEN PRESENT
ON BLOOD CELL
ANTIBODIES
IN BLOOD
Rh+ Rh+Rh+^ or Rh+Rh-^ Rh none Rh- Rh-Rh-^ None Rh
A. Label each of the four blood typing slide wells W, X, Y, & Z. B. Place 3 drops of the “Person W” blood in each of the wells on the W slide. Similarly place 3 drops of the X, Y, & Z on their respective slides. C. Locate the Anti-A well on the “W” slide. Add 3 drops of Anti-A sera and stir the mixture with a toothpick. Add this Anti-A sera to the Anti-A wells on the X, Y, & Z slides. Stir each of these mixtures with a fresh toothpick to avoid cross contamination. D. Locate the Anti-B well on the “W” slide. Add 3 drops of Anti-B sera and stir the mixture with a toothpick. Add this Anti-B sera to the Anti-B wells on the X, Y, & Z slides. Stir each of these mixtures with a fresh toothpick to avoid cross contamination. E. Locate the Anti-Rh well on the “W” slide. Add 3 drops of Anti-Rh sera and stir the mixture with a toothpick. Add this Anti-Rh sera to the Anti-Rh wells on the X, Y, & Z slides. Stir each of these mixtures with a fresh toothpick to avoid cross contamination. F. Observe each well against a white paper background looking for any clumping. G. Record the results on the following data table as positive(+) if clumping occurs or negative (-) if NO clumping occurs.
PERSON ANTI-A
sera
ANTI-B
sera
ANTI-Rh sera
BLOOD TYPE
ALL POSSIBLE
GENOTYPES
(for both ABO & Rh)
PERSON W + + + AB+ IAIB^ & Rh+Rh+ or Rh+Rh- PERSON X - - - O- iiRh-Rh- PERSON Y +^ -^ +^ A+^ IAIA^ or IAi &^ Rh+Rh+ or Rh+Rh- PERSON Z - + - B- IBIB^ or IBi & Rh-Rh-
- What is person X’s blood type? What antigens are present on Person X’s red blood cells?
Person X’s blood type is O-. No antigens are present.
- What is person Y’s blood type? What antibodies are present in Person Y’s blood?
Person Y’s blood type is A+. Person Y has B antibodies
- Person Z needs a transfusion. What blood types might Person Z safely receive? Explain. Person Z can accept B- & O- blood because person Z has A antibodies therefore cannot accept any blood with the A antigen.
- Could a man with type AB blood be the father of a child with type O blood? Show a Punnett square. A man with type AB blood cannot father a child with type O blood because the man will only pass an type A allele or a type B allele to his child. There is no chance for an ii to be inherited.
- Could a child with type B blood who has a mother with type A blood have a father with type A blood? Show a Punnett square.
No, the B allele would have to be inherited from one of the parents. The type A father does not have a B allele to pass to his child.
IA^ IB
IA^ IB
IA^ IB
IA^ IA (or i) IA^ IA^ IA^ IA^ IA IA (or i)^ IA^ IA^ IA^ IA
