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NANDA NURSING DIAGNOSIS. Last updated August 2009, *=new diagnosis 2009-2011. Activity/Rest-ability to engage in necessary/desired activities of life (work ...
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Last updated August 2009, *=new diagnosis 2009-
Activity/Rest-
ability to engage in necessary/desired activities of life (work andleisure) and to obtain adequate sleep/rest •^ Activity intolerance •^ Activity intolerance, risk for •^ Disuse syndrome, risk for •^ Divisional activity, deficit •^ Fatigue •^ Insomnia •^ Mobility: bed, impaired •^ Mobility: physical, impaired •^ Mobility: wheelchair, impaired •^ Sedentary lifestyle •^ Sleep deprivation •^ *Sleep pattern disturbed •^ Sleep, readiness for enhanced •^ Transfer ability, impaired •^ Walking, impaired Circulation-
ability to transport oxygen and nutrients necessary to meet cellular needs •^ *Bleeding, risk for •^ Cardiac output, decreased •^ *Tissue perfusion, decreased cardiactissue, risk for •^ *Tissue perfusion, ineffective,cerebral, risk for •^
*Tissue perfusion, ineffective, renal,risk for
-^ *Tissue perfusion, ineffectivegastrointestinal, risk for •^ Tissue perfusion, ineffective,peripheral •^ *Shock, risk for Ego Integrity-
ability to develop and use skills and behaviors to integrate andmanage life experiences •^ Anxiety •^ Anxiety, death •^ Body image, disturbed •^ Coping, community, ineffective •^ Coping, community, readiness forenhanced •^ Coping, defensive •^ Coping, family, compromised •^ Coping, family, disabled •^ Coping, family, readiness for enhanced •^ Coping, (individual), readiness forenhanced •^ Coping, ineffective •^ Denial, ineffective •^ Energy field disturbance •^ Fear •^ Grieving •^ Grieving, complicated •^ Grieving, risk for complicated •^ Health behavior, risk prone •^ Human dignity, risk for compromised
-^ Personal identity, disturbed •^ Post trauma syndrome •^ Post trauma syndrome, risk for •^ Power, readiness for enhanced •^ Powerlessness •^ Powerlessness, risk for •^ Rape-trauma syndrome •^ Relocation stress syndrome •^ Relocation stress syndrome, risk for •^ *Resilience, impaired individual •^ *Resilience, readiness for enhanced •^ *Resilience, risk for compromised •^ Self concept, readiness for enhanced •^ Self-esteem, chronic low •^ Self-esteem, situational low •^ Self-esteem, risk for situational low •^ Sorrow, chronic •^ Stress, overload Endo •^ Blood glucose, risk for unstable Elimination-
ability to excrete waste products •^ Bowel incontinence •^ Constipation •^ Constipation, risk for •^ Constipation, perceived •^ Diarrhoea •^ *Motility, dysfunctionalgastrointestinal •^ *Motility, risk for dysfunctionalgastrointestinal •^ Urinary elimination, readiness forenhanced •^ Urinary elimination, impaired •^ Urinary incontinence, functional •^ Urinary incontinence, overflow •^ Urinary incontinence, reflex •^ Urinary incontinence, stress •^ Urinary incontinence, urge •^ Urinary incontinence, risk for urge •^ Urinary retention Food/fluid-
ability to maintain intake of and utilize nutrients and liquids to meetphysiological needs •^ Breastfeeding, effective •^ Breastfeeding, ineffective •^ Breastfeeding, interrupted •^ *Electrolyte imbalance, risk for •^ Failure to thrive, adult •^ Fluid balance, readiness for enhanced •^ Fluid volume, deficient •^ Fluid volume, deficient risk for •^ Fluid volume excess •^ Fluid volume, imbalanced, risk for •^ Infant feeding pattern, ineffective
-^ Nutrition: imbalanced, less than bodyrequirements •^ Nutrition: imbalanced, more than bodyrequirements •^ Nutrition: imbalanced, risk for morethan body requirements •^ Nutrition, readiness for enhanced •^ Oral mucous membrane, impaired •^ Swallowing, impaired Gastro •^ *Jaundice, neonatal •^ Liver function, impaired, risk for •^ Nausea Growth and development •^ Dentition, impaired •^ Development delayed, risk for •^ Growth, disproportionate, risk for •^ Growth and development, delayed Health promotion/Education •^ Health maintenance, ineffective •^ Health management, self, ineffective •^ Health-seeking behaviors (specify) •^ Immunization status, readiness forenhanced •^ Knowledge deficient (specify) •^ Knowledge (specify), readiness forenhanced •^ Therapeutic regime management:family ineffective • Hygiene-
ability to perform activities of daily living •^ *Neglect, self •^ Self care, readiness for enhanced •^ Self-care deficit, feeding •^ Self-care deficit, bathing •^ Self-care deficit, dressing •^ Self-care deficit, toileting Life Principles •^ *Activity planning, ineffective •^ Decisional conflict •^ Decision making, readiness forenhanced •^ Moral distress •^ Noncompliance (specify) •^ Hope, readiness for enhanced •^ Hopelessness •^ Religiosity, impaired •^ Religiosity, readiness for enhanced •^ Religiosity, risk for impaired •^ Spiritual distress •^ Spiritual distress, risk of •^ Spiritual well being, readiness forenhanced
Neurosensory-
ability to perceive, integrate and respond to internal and external cues •^ Autonomic dysreflexia •^ Autonomic dysreflexia, risk for •^ Communication, impaired verbal •^ Communication, readiness forenhanced •^ Confusion, acute •^ Confusion, acute, risk for •^ Confusion, chronic •^ Environmental interpretationsyndrome, impaired •^ Infant behavior, disorganized •^ Infant behavior, disorganized, risk for •^ Infant behavior, organized, readinessfor enhanced •^ Intracranial adaptive capacity,decreased •^ Memory, impaired •^ Neurovascular dysfunction, peripheralrisk for •^ Sensory perception disturbed(specify):visual, auditory, kinesthetic,gustatory, tactile, olfactory •^ Unilateral neglect Pain/discomfort-
ability to control
internal/external environment to maintaincomfort •^ *Comfort, impaired •^ Comfort, readiness for enhanced •^ Pain, acute •^ Pain, chronic Respiration-
ability to provide and use oxygen to meet physiological needs •^ Airway clearance, ineffective •^ Aspiration, risk for •^ Breathing pattern, ineffective •^ Gas exchange, impaired •^ Spontaneous ventilation, impaired •^ Ventilatory weaning response,dysfunctional (DVWR) Safety-
ability to provide safe, growth- promoting environment •^ Body temperature, imbalanced, risk for •^ Contamination •^ Contamination, risk for •^ Falls, risk for •^ Home maintenance, ineffective •^ Hyperthermia •^ Hypothermia •^ Infection, risk for •^ Injury, risk for •^ *Maternal/fetal dyad, risk disturbed •^ Latex allergy response •^ Latex allergy response, risk for
Ability to meet
requirements/characteristics of male/femalerole •^ *Childbearing process, readiness forenhanced •^ Sexual dysfunction •^ Sexuality patterns, ineffective Social Interaction-
ability to establish and
maintain relationships •^ Attachment, parent/infant/child, riskfor impaired •^ Care giver role strain •^ Care giver role strain, risk for •^ Family processes, dysfunctional •^ Family processes, interrupted •^ Family processes, readiness forenhanced •^ Loneliness, risk for •^ Parenting, impaired •^ Parenting, readiness for enhanced •^ Patenting, risk for impaired •^ *Relationships, readiness for enhanced •^ Role conflict, parental •^ Role performance, ineffective •^ Social interaction, impaired •^ Social isolation
Activity/Rest Activity intolerance:
insufficient
physiological or psychological energy toendure or complete required or desired dailyactivities Activity intolerance, risk for:
at risk for
experiencing insufficient physiological orpsychological energy to endure or completerequired or desired daily activities Disuse syndrome, risk for:
at risk for
deterioration of body systems as the result ofprescribed or unavoidable musculoskeletalinactivity Diversional activity, deficient:
decreased
stimulation from or interest or engagementin recreational or leisure activities Fatigue:
an overwhelming, sustained sense of exhaustion and decreased capacity forphysical mental work at usual level Insomnia:
a disruption in amount and quality of sleep that impairs function Mobility: bed, impaired:
limitation of
independent movement from one bedposition to another Mobility: physical, impaired:
limitation in
independent, purposeful physical movementfor the body or of one or more extremities Mobility: wheelchair, impaired:
limitation
of independent operation of wheelchairwithin the environment Sedentary lifestyle:
reports a habit of life
that is characterized by a low physicalactivity level Sleep deprivation:
prolonged periods
without sleep (sustained natural, periodicsuspension of relative unconscious) *Sleep pattern disturbed:
time-limited
interruptions of sleep amount and qualitydue to external factors Sleep, readiness for enhanced:
a pattern of
natural, periodic suspension ofconsciousness that provides adequate rest,sustains a desired lifestyle, and can bestrengthened Transfer ability, impaired:
limitation of
independence movement between twonearby surfaces
Walking, impaired:
limitation of
independent movement within theenvironment on foot (or artificial limb) *Circulation Bleeding, risk for:
at risk for a decrease in
blood volume that may compromise health Cardiac output, decreased:
inadequate
blood pumped by the heart to meetmetabolic demands of the body *Tissue perfusion, decreased cardiactissue, risk for:
risk for a decrease in cardiac (coronary) circulation *Tissue perfusion, ineffective, cerebral,risk for:
risk for
decrease cerebral tissue circulation *Tissue perfusion, ineffective, renal, riskfor:^ at risk for a decrease in bloodcirculation to the kidney that maycompromise health *Tissue perfusion, ineffective,gastrointestinal, risk for:
at risk for
decrease I gastrointestinal circulation Tissue perfusion, ineffective, peripheral: decrease in blood circulation to theperipheries that may compromise health *Shock, risk for:
at risk fro an inadequate
blood flow to the body’s tissues which maylead to life-threatening cellular dysfunction Ego Integrity Anxiety:
vague, uneasy feeling of discomfort or dread accompanied by anautonomic response, with the source oftennonspecific or unknown to the individual; afeeling of apprehension caused byanticipation of danger. It is an alerting signalthat warns of impending danger and enablesthe individual to take measures to deal withthreat. Anxiety, death:
vague uneasy feeling of discomfort or dread generated byperceptions of a real or imagined threat toone’s existence Body image, disturbed:
confusion in
mental picture of one’s physical self Coping, community, ineffective:
pattern of
community activities (for adaptation andproblem solving) that is unsatisfactory formeeting the demands or needs of thecommunity
Coping, community, readiness forenhanced:
pattern of community activities for adaptation and problem solving that isunsatisfactory for meeting the demands orneeds of the community but that can also beimproved for management or current andfuture problems/stressors Coping, defensive:
repeated projection of
falsely positive self-evaluations based onself-protective pattern that defends againstperceived threats to positive self regard Coping, family, compromised:
usually
supportive primary person (family memberor close friend) provides insufficient,ineffective, or compromised support,comfort, assistance, or encouragement thatmay be needed to manage or masteradaptive tasks related to heath challenge Coping, family, disabled:
behavior of
significant person (family member or otherprimary person) that disables his or hercapacity to effectively address tasksessential to either person’s adaptation tohealth challenges Coping, family, readiness for enhanced: effective management of adaptive tasks byfamily member involved with client’s healthchallenge, who now exhibits desire andreadiness for enhanced health and growthwith regard to self in relation to client Coping, (individual), readiness forenhanced:
pattern of cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage demands that issufficient for wellbeing and can bestrengthened Coping, ineffective:
inability to form a
valid appraisal of internal or externalstressors, inadequate choices of practicalresponses, and/or to access or use availableresources Denial, ineffective:
conscious or
unconscious attempt to disavow anxiety theknowledge or meaning of an event, toreduce anxiety/fear, but leading to thedetriment of health Energy field disturbed:
a disruption of the
flow of energy surrounding a person’sbeing, which results in a disharmony ofmind and spirit Fear:
response to perceived threat that is consciously recognized as a danger
Grieving:
a normal complex process that includes emotional, physical, spiritual,social and intellectual responses andbehaviors by which individuals, families andcommunities incorporate an actual,anticipated or perceived loss into their dailylives Grieving, complicated:
a disorder that
occurs after the death of a significant other,in which the experience of distressaccompanying bereavement fails to follownormative expectations and manifest infunctional impairment Grieving, risk for complicated
: a t risk for
a disorder that occurs after the death of asignificant other, in which the experience ofdistress accompanying bereavement fails tofollow normative expectations and manifestin functional impairment Health behavior, risk prone:
impaired
ability to modify lifestyle/behaviors in amanner consistent with a change in healthstatus Human dignity, risk for compromised:
at
risk for perceived loss of respect and honor Personal identity, disturbed:
inability to
maintain an integrated and completeperception of self Post trauma syndrome:
sustained
maladaptive response to a traumatic,overwhelming event Post trauma syndrome, risk for:
at risk for
sustained maladaptive response to atraumatic, overwhelming event Power, readiness for enhanced:
a pattern
of participating knowingly in change that issufficient for well-being and can bestrengthened Powerlessness:
perception that one’s own actions will not significantly affect anoutcome, perceived lack of control overcurrent situation or immediate happening Powerlessness, risk for:
at risk for
perceived lack of control over a situationand/or one’s ability to significantly affect anoutcome Rape-trauma syndrome:
sustained
maladaptive response to forced, violentsexual act (penetration may not actuallyoccur) against victim’s will and consent
Relocation stress syndrome:
physiological
and/or psychological disturbances that resultfrom transfer from one environment toanother Relocation stress syndrome, risk for:
at
risk for physiological and/or psychologicaldisturbances that result from transfer fromone environment to another *Resilience, impaired individual: decreased ability to sustain a pattern ofpositive responses to an adverse situation orcrisis *Resilience, readiness for enhanced:
a
pattern of positive responses to an adversesituation or crisis that can be strengthened tooptimize human potential *Resilience, risk for compromised:
at risk
for decreased ability to sustain a pattern ofpositive responses to an adverse situation orcrisis Self-concept readiness for enhanced
: a
pattern of perceptions or ideas about the selfthat is sufficient for well-being and can bestrengthened Self-esteem, chronic low:
long-standing
negative self-evaluations/feelings about selfor self-capabilities Self-esteem, situational low:
development
of a negative perception of self-worth inresponse to a current situation Self-esteem, risk for situational low:
at
risk for developing negative perception ofself-worth in response to a current situation Sorrow, chronic:
cyclical, recurring and
potentially progressive pattern of pervasivesadness that is experienced (by parent, orcaregiver, or individual with chronic illnessor disability) in response to continual lossthroughout the trajectory of an illness ordisability Stress, overload:
excessive amounts and
types of demands that require action Endo Blood glucose, risk for unstable:
risk for
variation of blood glucose/sugar levels fromthe normal range
Religiosity, readiness for enhanced:
ability
to increase reliance on religious beliefsand/or participate in rituals of a particularfaith tradition Religiosity, risk for impaired:
at risk for an
impaired ability to exercise reliance onbeliefs and/or participate in rituals of aparticular faith tradition Spiritual distress:
impaired ability to
experience and integrate meaning andpurpose in life through the individual’sconnectedness with self, others, art, music,literature, nature or a power greater thanoneself Spiritual distress, risk of:
at risk for an
impaired ability to experience and integratemeaning and purpose in life through theindividual’s connectedness with self, others,art, music, literature, nature or a powergreater than oneself Spiritual well being, readiness forenhanced:
ability to experience and integrate meaning and purpose in lifethrough connectedness with self, others, art,music, literature, nature, or a power greaterthan oneself that can be strengthened Neuro Autonomic dysrelexia:
life threatening,
uninhibited sympathetic response of thenervous system to a noxious stimulus afterspinal cord injury at T7 or above Autonomic dysreflexia, risk for:
at risk for
life threatening, uninhibited response of thesympathetic nervous system; post-spinalshock; in an individual with spinal cordinjury or lesion at T6 or above (has beendemonstrated in clients with injuries at T7 orT8) Communication, impaired verbal: decreased, delayed or absent ability toreceive, process, transmit, and use a systemof symbols Communication, readiness for enhanced: pattern of exchanging information and ideaswith others that is sufficient for meetingone’s needs and life’s goals and can bestrengthened Confusion, acute:
abrupt onset of reversible
disturbances of consciousness, attention,cognition and perception that develop over ashort period of time
Confusion, acute, risk for:
at risk for
reversible disturbances of consciousness,attention, cognition, and perception thatdevelop over a short period of time Confusion, chronic:
irreversible, long-
standing, and/or progressive deterioration ofintellect and personality characterized bydeceased ability to interpret environmentalstimuli and decreased capacity forintellectual thought processes, andmanifested by disturbances of memory,orientation, and behavior Environmental interpretation syndrome,impaired:
consistent lack of orientation to time/place/person/circumstances over morethan 3-6 months necessitating a protectiveenvironment Infant behavior, disorganized: disintegrated physiological andneurobehavioral responses to theenvironment Infant behavior, disorganized, risk for: risk for alteration in integrating andmodulation of the physiological andneurobehavioral systems of functioning (i.e.autonomic, motor, state, organization, self-regulatory, and attentional-interactionalsystems) Infant behavior, organized, readiness forenhanced:
a pattern of modulation of the physiological and behavioral systems offunctioning (i.e. autonomic, motor, state,organization, self-regulatory, andattentional-interactional systems) in aninfant that is satisfactory but that can beimproved Intracranial adaptive capacity, decreased: intracranial fluid dynamic mechanisms thatnormally compensate for increases inintracranial volumes are compromised,resulting in repeated disproportionateincreases in intracranial pressure (ICP) inresponse to a variety of noxious and non-noxious stimuli Memory, impaired:
inability to remember
or recall bits of information or behavioralskills Neurovascular dysfunction, peripheralrisk for:
at risk of disruption in circulation, sensation or motion of an extremity
Sensory perception, disturbed (auditory,gustatory, kinesthetic, olfactory, tactile,visual):
change in the amount or patterning of incoming stimuli accompanied by adiminished, exaggerated, distorted, orimpaired response to such stimuli (auditory-hearing) (gustatory- taste) (kinesthetic-muscle sense) (olfactory- smell) (tactile-touch) (visual- see) Unilateral neglect:
impaired sensory and
motor response, mental representation andspatial attention of the body, and thecorresponding environment characterized byinattention to one side and over attention tothe opposite side. Left side neglect is moresevere than persistent right side neglect *Pain/discomfort Comfort, impaired:
perceived lack of
ease, relief and transcendence in physical,psychospiritual, environmental and socialdimensions Comfort, readiness for enhanced:
a
pattern of ease, relief and transcendence inphysical, psychospiritual environmentaland/or social dimensions that can bestrengthened Pain, acute:
unpleasant sensory and emotional experience arising from actual orpotential tissue damage or described interms of such damage; sudden or slow onsetof any intensity from mild to severe withanticipated or predictable end and a durationof less than 6 months Pain, chronic:
unpleasant sensory and emotional experience arising from actual orpotential tissue damage or described interms of such damage; sudden or slow onsetof any intensity from mild to severe,constant or recurring without an anticipatedor predictable end and a duration of morethan 6 months Respiration Airway clearance, ineffective:
inability to
clear secretions or obstructions from therespiratory tract to maintain a clear airway Aspiration, risk for:
at risk for entry of
gastrointestinal secretions, oropharyngealsecretions, solids or fluids into thetracheobronchial passages Breathing pattern, ineffective:
inspiration
and/or expiration that does not provideadequate ventilation
Gas exchange, impaired:
excess or deficit
in oxygenation and/or carbon dioxideelimination at the alveolar-capillarymembrane Spontaneous ventilation, impaired: decreased energy reserve result in anindividual’s ability to maintain breathingadequate to support life Ventilatory weaning response,dysfunctional (DVWR):
inability to adjust
to lowered levels of mechanical ventilatorsupport that interrupts and prolongs theweaning process Safety Body temperature, imbalanced, risk for: at risk for failure to maintain bodytemperature within normal range Contamination:
exposure to environmental contaminates in doses sufficient to causeadverse health effects Contamination, risk for:
accentuated risk
of exposure to environmental contaminantsin doses sufficient to cause adverse healtheffects Falls, risk for:
increased susceptibility to falling that may cause physical harm Home maintenance ineffective:
inability to
independently maintain a safe and growth-promoting immediate environment Hyperthermia:
body temperature elevated above normal range Hypothermia:
body temperate below normal range Infection, risk for:
at increased risk for
being invaded by pathogenic organisms Injury, risk for:
at risk of injury as a result of the interaction of environmentalconditions interacting with the individual’sadaptive and defensive resources *Maternal/fetal dyad, risk disturbed:
at
risk for disruption of symbioticmaternal/fetal dyad as a result of comorbidor pregnancy related complications Latex allergy response:
a hypersensitive
reaction to natural latex rubber products
Latex allergy response, risk for:
risk of
hypersensitive reaction to natural latexrubber products Perioperative positioning injury, risk for: at risk for inadvertent anatomical andphysical changes as a result of posture orequipment used during an invasive/surgicalprocedure Poisoning, risk for:
accentuated risk for
accidental exposure to, or ingestion of, drugsor dangerous products in doses sufficient tocause poisoning Protection, ineffective:
deceased in the
ability to guard self from internal or externalthreats such as illness or injury Self mutilation:
deliberate self-injurious behavior causing damage with the intent ofcausing on-fatal injury to attain relief oftension Self mutilation, risk for:
at risk of
deliberate self-injurious behavior causingdamage with the intent of causing on-fatalinjury to attain relief of tension Skin integrity, impaired:
altered epidermis
and/or dermis Skin integrity, impaired, risk for:
at risk
for skin being adversely altered Sudden infant death syndrome, risk for: presence of risk factors for sudden death ofan infant under 1 year of age Suffocation, risk for:
accentuated risk of
accidental suffocation (inadequate airavailable for inhalation) Suicide, risk for:
at risk for self-inflicted,
life-threatening injury Surgical recovery, delayed:
extension of
number of postoperative days required toinitiate and perform activities that maintainlife, health, and well-being Thermoregulation, ineffective: temperature fluctuation betweenhypothermia and hyperthermia Tissue integrity, impaired:
damage to
mucous membrane, corneal, integumentaryor subcutaneous tissue
Trauma, risk for:
accentuated risk of
accidental tissue injury (eg: wound, burn,fracture) *Trauma, risk for vascular:
at risk for
damage to a vein and its surrounding tissuesrelated to the presence of a catheter and/orinfused solutions Violence, self-directed risk for:
at risk for
behaviors in which an individualdemonstrates that he or she can bephysically, emotionally, and/or sexuallyharmful to self Violence, other-directed, risk for:
at risk
for behaviors in which an individualdemonstrates that he or she can bephysically, emotionally, and/or sexuallyharmful to others Wandering:
meandering, aimless or repetitive locomotion that exposes theindividual to harm; frequency incongruentwith boundaries, limits or obstacles *Sexuality (component of ego integrity and Social interaction) Childbearing process, readiness forenhanced:
a pattern of preparing for, maintaining and strengthening a healthypregnancy an childbirth process and care ofnewborn Sexual dysfunction:
the state in which an
individual experiences a change in sexualfunction during sexual response phases ofdesire, excitation, and/or orgasm, which isviewed as unsatisfying, unrewarding,inadequate Sexuality patterns, ineffective:
expressions
of concern regarding own sexuality Social Interaction Attachment, parent/infant/child, risk forimpaired:
disruption of the interactive process between parent/significant other andinfant/child that fosters the development of aprotective and nurturing reciprocalrelationship Care giver role strain:
difficulty in
performing family caregiver role Care giver role strain, risk for:
caregiver
is vulnerable for felt difficulty in performingfamily caregiver role
Family processes, dysfunctional: psychosocial, spiritual and physiologicalfunctions of the family unit are chronicallydisorganized, which leads to conflict, denialof problems, resistance to change,ineffective problem solving and a series ofself-perpetuating crises Family processes, interrupted:
change in
family relationships and/or functioning Family processes, readiness for enhanced: a pattern of family functioning that issufficient to support the well-being of familymembers and can be strengthened Loneliness, risk for:
at risk of experiencing
discomfort associated with a desire or needfor more contact with others Parenting, impaired:
inability of primary
caretaker to create, maintain or regain anenvironment that promotes optimum growthand development of the child Parenting, readiness for enhanced:
pattern
of providing environment for children orother dependent person/s that is sufficient tonurture growth and development and can bestrengthened Parenting, risk for impaired:
risk for
inability of primary caretaker to create,maintain, or regain an environment thatpromotes optimum growth and developmentof the child *Relationships, readiness for enhanced:
a
pattern of mutual partnership that issufficient to provide each other’s needs andcan be strengthened Role conflict, parental:
parent experience
of role confusion and role in response tocrisis Role performance, ineffective:
patterns of
behavior and self-expression that do notmatch the environmental context, norms andexpectations Social interaction, impaired:
insufficient
or excessive quantity or ineffective qualityof social exchange Social isolation:
aloneness experienced by the individual and perceived as imposed byothers and as a negative or threatened state Readiness to enhance = willingness to strengthen or improve