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2025 NASM CNC FINAL EXAM ACTUAL EXAM WITH
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When working with a client who has been complaining of low back pain that has been getting worse, what is the most appropriate recommendation? A. Refer her to a certified personal trainer. B. Tell her to use a heating pad when the pain gets bad. C. Refer her to a chiropractor. D. Recommend use of over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medications. - Correct answer-C. Refer her to a chiropractor. With which client would it be most appropriate for the Nutrition Coach to work? A. Elite clients competing in a national Ironman B. Clients who want testing for vitamin deficiency C. Clients with inconsistent weight loss and gain D. Clients trying an elimination diet to identify food sensitivities - Correct answer-C. Clients with inconsistent weight loss and gain According to the scope of practice for a Nutrition Coach, which is an example of an appropriate resource for determining daily caloric intake? A. ADA calculations based on age, gender, and activity level B. Body type and cultural preferences C. Dietary Guidelines for Americans D. The Nutrition Coach cannot assist with daily caloric intake. - Correct answer-C. Dietary Guidelines for Americans During a regular meeting, a client is complaining of irregular gastrointestinal issues, ranging from diarrhea to constipation. What is the best course of action? A. Closely monitor his situation and re-evaluate during the next meeting. B. Evaluate his prescription medications to look for similar side effects. C. Advise him to eat more vegetables and drink more water. D. Advise him to make an appointment with his personal physician. - Correct answer-D. Advise him to make an appointment with his personal physician.
A new client has just moved into the area. She states that she occasionally suffers from anxiety and panic attacks and needs to renew her prescription medications. To which healthcare professional should she be referred? A. Podiatrist B. Physiologist C. Physiotherapist D. Psychiatrist - Correct answer-D. Psychiatrist One of the roles of a Nutrition Coach is to help facilitate weight loss. Which of the following would be most appropriate to recommend for the overweight client? A. Limit carbohydrates to 35% of the diet. B. Give up bread and avoid gluten. C. Refer to a certified personal trainer for a resistance training program. D. Drink a protein shake instead of eating lunch. - Correct answer-C. Refer to a certified personal trainer for a resistance training program. Where should client files be kept to ensure client confidentiality? A. In an electronic version only B. With the client C. In the manager's office D. In a locked and secure location - Correct answer-D. In a locked and secure location A Nutrition Coach has been working with an overweight client for 6 weeks. During the most recent weight-in, they discover that she has lost 27 pounds. What is the best course of action for the Nutrition Coach? A. Congratulate her for a job well done. B. Informally question her about common eating disorder traits/habits. C. Add an additional 300 - 500 calories to her daily intake. D. Suggest she limit her exercise to twice per week. - Correct answer-B. Informally question her about common eating disorder traits/habits. According to the SCOFF eating disorder assessment, what is the minimum number of positive answers which might indicate an eating disorder? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3
B. References and values C. Resources and volume D. Recall and verbiage - Correct answer-A. Reliability and validity To ensure the client is retaining any shared information, it is important that the content presented is highly relevant and what other quality? A. Pertinent B. Practical C. Brief D. Visual - Correct answer-B. Practical Which statement best describes the healthcare continuum? A. The health status of a client from sickness to wellness B. The many disciplines that make up the healthcare system C. The number of physician specialists that are in the healthcare system D. The type of alternative health practices that are legitimately recognized - Correct answer-B. The many disciplines that make up the healthcare system A new client is 6 - weeks post-partum. She states that she has very little energy and feels sadness most of the time. What is the most appropriate course of action? A. Call 911. B. Contact her spouse to discuss options. C. Refer her to a clinical psychiatrist. D. Closely monitor her situation. - Correct answer-C. Refer her to a clinical psychiatrist. Which statement is within the scope of practice for a Nutrition Coach? A. Design a 5 - day meal plan for a healthy client. B. Recommend the client discuss supplement usage and dosing with their pharmacist or physician. C. Recommend a diet that contains up to 50% protein. D. Provide general advice on a 3 - day detox plan. - Correct answer-B. Recommend the client discuss supplement usage and dosing with their pharmacist or physician. Common assessments performed by a Nutrition Coach include height, weight, body composition, and what other test? A. Blood pressure B. Anthropometric measurements
C. Hydrostatic weighing D. SCOFF test - Correct answer-B. Anthropometric measurements Where might a Nutrition Coach find reputable information on recent dietary guidelines? A. Popular magazines B. Government-funded agencies C. Private, for-profit supplement companies D. Celebrity blogs - Correct answer-B. Government-funded agencies Clients often confide in the Nutrition Coach. Which client conversation would be grounds for a referral to a licensed healthcare professional? A. Slow weight loss of 1/2 pound per week (0.22 kg) B. Late-night ice cream binging C. Chronic fatigue D. Occasional sleeplessness - Correct answer-C. Chronic fatigue A client confides that she is taking laxatives to help her lose weight. What is the best course of action? A. Refer her to a Registered Dietitian. B. Tell her to eat more fiber as that will help. C. Refer her to a Certified Eating Disorder Specialist. D. Tell her that regular use of laxatives are bad for her digestive tract. - Correct answer- C. Refer her to a Certified Eating Disorder Specialist. It is not uncommon for clients to confide in the Nutrition Coach. Which client conversation would be grounds for a referral to a licensed healthcare professional? A. Daily panic attacks B. Stress-eating from recent divorce C. Occasional constipation D. Self-proclaimed "sugar addict" - Correct answer-A. Daily panic attacks A client has several relatives who have recently been diagnosed with cancer. She has been reading many books about natural health and is interested in taking herbal supplements that will help prevent cancer. What is the best course of action? A. Visit a health food store together. B. Refer her to a pharmacist or her physician. C. Tell her to save her money and stay away from herbal remedies.
Which term best describes formulation of a hypothesis, collecting data to test the hypothesis, and changing or discarding the hypothesis when the data does not support it? A. Evidence-based practice B. Primary research C. Science D. Scientific method - Correct answer-D. Scientific method Fructose has been shown in studies to have adverse effects on blood triglycerides when consumed in excess of calorie needs. However, moderate doses of fructose have been shown to have no effect. Which of the following items best describes the conclusion that should be drawn from this data? but caution is warranted if calorie intake is high. D. There is insufficient evidence to draw conclusions as to the impact of fructose intake on triglycerides. - Correct answer-C. Fructose intake poses no risk to triglycerides when consumed within energy needs, but caution is warranted if calorie intake is high. Which term refers to a proposed explanation for a set of observations? A. Randomized controlled trial B. Theory C. Hypothesis D. Prediction - Correct answer-C. Hypothesis Scientists perform a study tracking 10,000 people over a 10-year period. They look at their sugar intake at the beginning of the study and then see who develops diabetes over the study duration. Which term best describes this study? A. Survey B. Cross-sectional study C. Case-control study D. Cohort study - Correct answer-D. Cohort study Scientists gather 20 studies looking at the relationship between protein intake and lean body mass, and then they statistically analyze them together as a group. What type of study is this? C. Fructose intake poses no risk to triglycerides when consumed within energy needs, B. Fructose should be limited in the diet as much as possible. A. There is no reason to ever restrict fructose intake.
A. Systematic review A. Narrative review B. Observational research C. Randomized controlled trials D. Meta-analysis - Correct answer-D. Meta-analysis Scientists randomly assign subjects to a low or high carbohydrate group and then look at changes in body weight over 3 months. Which item represents the independent variable in this study? A. Length of study (3 months) B. Body weight C. Diet type D. Subjects - Correct answer-C. Diet type A scientist proposes that sugar is inherently fattening, independent of its calorie content. If that proposal is true, then that would mean that high-sugar diets should increase fat gain independent of their calorie content. What term describes this potentia consequence? A. Theory B. Hypothesis C. Prediction D. Conclusion - Correct answer-C. Prediction Which observational study design allows scientists to hypothesize a potential causal association? A. Case study B. Cross-sectional study C. Case-control study D. Cohort study - Correct answer-D. Cohort study Which of the following represents a critical evaluation of a study by other scientists? B. Peer review C. Narrative review D. Scientific method - Correct answer-B. Peer review The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) involves collecting healthrelated information via telephone interview across the United States. Which term best describes this research?
A. Length of study (3 months) B. Body weight C. Subjects D. Diet type - Correct answer-D. Diet type Scientists perform a study looking at the effects of caffeine on vertical jump performance. On one day, they give all the subjects caffeine followed by vertical jump tests. Two weeks later, they give all the subjects a placebo followed by the same vertical jump tests. Which term best describes this study design? Which term encompasses the weight of the scientific evidence, field observations, and individual client needs? A. Primary research B. Science C. Scientific method D. Evidence-based practice - Correct answer-D. Evidence-based practice Which of the following represents the lowest level of evidence?
- Observational research
- Non-peer reviewed media
- Peer reviewed editorials and expert opinion
- Randomized controlled trials - Correct answer-2. Non-peer reviewed media Which of the following represents a strength of observational studies? A. Can establish cause and effect B. Can determine mechanisms for effects C. Large subject numbers D. High degree of control - Correct answer-C. Large subject numbers Which term describes the phenomena when a group does not represent the population a scientist is intending to study? A. Uncontrolled variable B. Generalizability C. Parallel B. Crossover A. Factorial D. Observational - Correct answer-B. Crossover
A. The weight of the evidence suggests Diet A is more effective for lowering cholesterol C. Selection bias D. Recall bias - Correct answer-C. Selection bias Scientists find that a protein supplement increases lean mass in the elderly. However, they caution that the results may not apply to other populations, like younger people. What term best describes what the scientists are referring to? Seven studies show Diet A lowers cholesterol more than Diet B. Three studies show no difference. Assuming all the studies are equivalent in quality, which item best describes this situation? than Diet B, but more data is needed. B. There are insufficient studies to conclude that Diet A lowers cholesterol more than Diet B. C. It is unknown whether Diet A lowers cholesterol more than Diet B. D. The weight of the evidence suggests that Diet A and B are equivalent in their ability to lower cholesterol. - Correct answer-A. The weight of the evidence suggests Diet A is more effective for lowering cholesterol than Diet B, but more data is needed. A. Narrative review B. Meta-analysis C. Randomized controlled trials D. Observational research - Correct answer-B. Meta-analysis A scientist proposes that sugar is inherently fattening, and performs a study comparing a high-sugar diet to a low-sugar diet with equal calories. He finds that fat gain was the same between the diets. Which term describes how this study effects the initial proposal? D. Reliability - Correct answer-A. External validity C. Test-retest reliability B. Selection bias A. External validity study is this? body mass, and then they statistically analyze them together as a group. What type of Scientists gather 20 studies looking at the relationship between protein intake and lean D. Validity - Correct answer-A. Falsification C. Prediction B. Scientific method A. Falsification
A. Diet A B. Diet B C. Alternate between Diet A and B D.Start with Diet A, then gradually transition to Diet B - Correct answer-B. Diet B A is where scientists gather all research on a topic and evaluate it based on predefined criteria and rules. A. Meta-analysis B. Peer review C. Systematic review D. Prediction - Correct answer-C. Systematic review What is a statistical analysis of RCTs? A. Hypothesis B. Meta-analysis C. Systematic review D. Survey - Correct answer-B. Meta-analysis more groups in a random fashion. The scientists keep everything the same between the groups except for one variable. A. Survey B. Meta-analysis C. Systematic review D. Randomized control trial (RCT) - Correct answer-D. Randomized control trial (RCT) What is it called when scientists observe people in their free-living environment, collect data on them, and look for relationships between variable? A. Expert opinion B. Observational research C. Randomized control trial D. Meta-analysis - Correct answer-B. Observational research What type of true experimental design consists of researchers tracking two or more independent groups in parallel with each other? A. Factorial Design B. Non-randomized Control Group In a scientists divide people into two or
C. Parallel Design D. Crossover Design - Correct answer-C. Parallel Design What type of true experimental design consists of researchers testing the impact of two or more variables simultaneously, rather than isolating a single variable? A. Parallel Design B. Crossover Design C. Factorial Design D. Time-series - Correct answer-C. Factorial Design What type of true experimental design consists of the same groups of subjects assigned to both the treatment and control groups. Each subject acts as his/her own control. A. Factorial Design B. Crossover Design C. Parallel Design D. Non-randomized control group - Correct answer-B. Crossover Design A scientist proposes that sugar is inherently fattening, and performs a study comparing a high-sugar diet to a low-sugar diet with equal calories. He finds that fat gain was the same between the diets. Which term describes how this study effects the initial proposal? Which term describes a variable in an experiment for which a scientist takes no steps to account for? A. Validity B. Dependent variable C. Independent variable D. Uncontrolled variable - Correct answer-D. Uncontrolled variable Which term refers to a hypothesis or set of hypotheses for which a large body of high quality evidence has been accumulated? A. Scientific method B. Randomized controlled trial C. Theory C. Scientific method B. Prediction A. Falsification D. Validity - Correct answer-A. Falsification
B. The weight of the evidence suggests that Diet A and B are equivalent in their ability to lower cholesterol. C. It is unknown whether Diet A lowers cholesterol more than Diet B. D. The weight of the evidence suggests Diet A is more effective for lowering cholesterol than Diet B, but more data is needed. - Correct answer-D. The weight of the evidence suggests Diet A is more effective for lowering cholesterol than Diet B, but more data is needed. Which of the following is best defined as the quality or state of being fed or gratified to or beyond capacity? A. Satiety B. Hunger C. Stressed D. Complete - Correct answer-A. Satiety Intellectual wellness implies which of the following? A. Constant learning B. High IQ C. Superior knowledge D. Lack of knowledge - Correct answer-A. Constant learning Which of the following is a tip for a health-supporting diet? A. Include lots of processed meats in your diet. B. Follow a diet that is highly rigid and controlled. C. Follow a diet that is low in saturated fat. D. Eat foods that are highly palatable. - Correct answer-C. Follow a diet that is low in saturated fat. Which of the following is true in regards to obesity-related conditions? A. They are the least likely cause of premature death. B. They are not associated with preventable disease. C. They are a problem, but don't cause disease. D. They are one of the leading preventable causes of death. - Correct answer-D. They are one of the leading preventable causes of death. Which of the following best describes chronic diseases? A. They are of short duration. B. They are of long duration. C. They are infectious and transmitted through the air.
To which of the following terms can 'non-communicable disease (NCD) also refer? A. Transient diseases B. Infectious diseases C. Chronic diseases D. Curable diseases - Correct answer-C. Chronic diseases Changing seasons have which of the following? A. Little impact on food choices B. Importance only in developing cultures C. Limited applicaion in western society D. A significant impact on food choices - Correct answer-D. A significant impact on food choices Which of the following is best defined as a high degree of body fat, or excess body fat, with a BMI greater than 30? A. Obesity B. Overweight C. Sickness D. Underweight - Correct answer-A. Obesity How does basal metabolic rate change with age? A. Decreases B. Increases C. Does not change D. Changes little - Correct answer-A. Decreases Dietary habits associated with a lower incidence of cancer rates include which of the following? A. Eating foods low in antioxidants B. Eating high glycemic index foods C. Eating foods high in antioxidants D. Decreasing dietary calcium intake - Correct answer-C. Eating foods high in antioxidants Non-communicable diseases are which of the following? D. They are isolated to cardiovascular conditions. - Correct answer-B. They are of long duration.
A. High-protein foods B. Low-fat foods C. Low-protein foods D. High-carbohydrate foods - Correct answer-A. High-protein foods Which of the following is best described as the energy consumed for fuel to support and maintain normal body functions like temperature regulation? A. Thermic effect of feeding (TEF) B. Thermic effect of activity (TEA) C. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) D. Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) - Correct answer-C. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) Energy utilized for immediate work is known as which of the following? A. Potential l B. Kinetic C. Electrica D. Nuclear - Correct answer-B. Kinetic What is the process of generating energy from the food we eat? A. Catabolism B. Anabolism C. Metabolism D. Hemopoiesis - Correct answer-C. Metabolism During the first few seconds of exercise, regardless of intensity, what system is primarily utilized? A. Anaerobic glycolysis B. Aerobic glycolysis C. Krebs Cycle D. ATP-PC system - Correct answer-D. ATP-PC system What is the end-result of inadequate rest? A. Reduced RMR B. Increased RMR C. Reduced TEA
Between 1969/1971 and 1999/2001, global food consumption per person has risen by how much? A. Approximately 2,000 kcal per person per day B. Approximately 1,000 kcal per person per day C. Approximately 400 kcal per person per day D. Approximately 150 kcal per person per day - Correct answer-C. Approximately 400 kcal per person per day Which hormone is referred to as the hunger hormone because it stimulates appetite, increases food intake, and promotes fat storage? A. Leptin B. Ghrelin C. Cholecystokinin D. NPY Neuropeptide Y - Correct answer-B. Ghrelin Most cells utilize which of the following as their primary source of energy during intense activity? A. Amino acids B. Glucose C. Protein D. Fat - Correct answer-B. Glucose he storage form of glucose is know as which of the following? A. Ketone bodies B. Triglyceride C. Glycerol D. Glycogen - Correct answer-D. Glycogen A deficiency in which hormone is associated with an increased fat mass (central adiposity in particular), reduced insulin sensitivity, and impaired glucose tolerance? A. Cortisol B. Estrogen C. Testosterone D. Adrenaline - Correct answer-C. Testosterone Worldwide, activity levels (including occupational work, home/domestic work, leisure D. Increased TEF - Correct answer-A. Reduced RMR
