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NASM Personal Training Certification
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Muscle imbalances ✔✔alteration of muscle length surrounding a joint
Obesity ✔✔The condition of being considerably overweight, and refers to a person with a body mass index of 30 or greater, or who is at least 30 pounds over his or her recommended weight
What is the BMI of a typical obese individual? ✔✔30 or greater
Refers to a person with a body mass index of 25-29.9 or who is between 25-30 pounds over the recommended weight ✔✔overweight
These are also known as cholesterol and triglycerides and are carried in the bloodstream by protein molecules known as HDL and LDL ✔✔blood lipids
chronic metabolic disorder caused by insulin deficiency, which impairs carbohydrate usage and enhances usage of fats and proteins ✔✔diabetes mellitus
a state of lost physical fitness, which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability ✔✔deconditioned
the cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body positions and limb movement ✔✔proprioception
an unstable physical situation in which exercises are performed that cause the body to use its internal balance and stabilization mechanisms (Examples include using stability balls and single- leg squats versus traditional) ✔✔proprioceptively enriched movement
smaller divisions of training progressions that fall within the three building blocks of training ✔✔phases of training
a muscle's ability to contract for an extended period ✔✔muscular endurance
the ability of the neuromuscular system to enable all muscles to efficiently work together in all planes of motion ✔✔neuromuscular efficiency
the ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment ✔✔sensory function
the ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response ✔✔integrative function
the neuromuscular response to the sensory information ✔✔motor function
the functional unit of the nervous system ✔✔neuron
These neurons transmit nerve impulses from effector sites via receptors to the brain and spinal cord -- respond to touch, sound, light and other stimuli ✔✔sensory neurons
transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another ✔✔interneurons
transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites ✔✔motor neurons
the portion of the nervous system the consists of the brain and spinal cord ✔✔central nervous system
cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body ✔✔peripheral nervous system
sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion and pressure in body tissues ✔✔mechanoreceptors
receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change ✔✔muscle spindles
receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change ✔✔golgi tendon organs
receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and declaration of the joint ✔✔joint receptors
the body's framework, composed of bones and joints ✔✔skeletal system
the end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production ✔✔epiphysis
the shaft portion of a long bone ✔✔diaphysis
the region of a long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis -- a layer of cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs ✔✔epiphyseal plate
a dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone ✔✔periosteum
the central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored ✔✔medullar cavity
cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bone ✔✔articular cartilage
flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites ✔✔depressions
projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach ✔✔processes
a series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord ✔✔vertebral column
1st seven vertebrae starting at the top of the spinal column ✔✔cervical spine
twelve vertebrae located in the upper/middle back behind the ribs ✔✔thoracic spine
five vertebrae of the low back below the thoracic spine ✔✔lumbar spine
triangular bone located below the lumbar spine ✔✔sacrum
located below the sacrum, more commonly known as the tailbone ✔✔coccyx
more specific term for joint motion ✔✔anthrokinematics
joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage ✔✔Nonsynovial joint
primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement ✔✔ligament
What is the best type of exercise for bone strength and health? ✔✔weight-bearing exercise
series of muscles that moves the skeleton ✔✔muscular system
a layer of connective tissue that surrounds the muscle ✔✔epimysium
the connective tissue that surrounds fascicles ✔✔perimysium
the deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers ✔✔endomysium
connective tissue that attach muscle to bone and provide as an anchor for muscles to produce force ✔✔tendons
the functional unit of a muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin ✔✔sarcomere
the contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation ✔✔neural activation
a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it activates ✔✔motor unit
chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction the transmit impulses from nerve to muscle ✔✔neurotransmitters
Type 1 muscle fibers, also known as _________________ muscle fibers have a high oxidative capacity and don't fatigue as easily ✔✔slow-twitch
Type 2 muscle fibers, also known as _________________ muscle fibers have a low oxidative capacity and fatigue easily ✔✔fast-twitch
these hormones help prepare the body for activity and are participants in the "fight or flight" reflex ✔✔catecholamines
a specialized area of cardiac tissue, located in the right atrium of the heart, which initiates the electrical impulses that determine the heart rate; aka the "pacemaker" of the heart ✔✔SA Node
a small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers, located in the wall of the tight atrium of the heart, that receives the heartbeat impulses from the SA node and directs them to the walls of the ventricles ✔✔AV Node
the superior chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins and forced it into the ventricles ✔✔Atrium
The inferior chamber of the heart that receives blood from the corresponding atrium, in turn, forces blood into the arteries ✔✔Ventricle
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction ✔✔Stroke Volume
the rate at which the heart pumps ✔✔heart rate
heart rate x stroke volume; the overall performance of the heart ✔✔cardiac output
network of hollow tubes that circulate blood through the body ✔✔blood vessels
vessels that transport blood away from the heart ✔✔arteries
the smallest blood vessels, and the site of exchange of chemicals and water between the blood and tissues ✔✔capillaries
vessels that transport blood from the capillaries toward the heart ✔✔veins
small terminal branches of an artery, which end in capillaries ✔✔arterioles
the very small veins that connect capillaries to the larger veins ✔✔venules
a system of organs that collects oxygen form the external environment and transports it to the bloodstream ✔✔respiratory system
skeletal structues and soft tissues that work together to allow proper respiratory mechanics to occur and help pump blood back to the heart during inspiration ✔✔respiratory pump
the material or substance on which an enzyme acts ✔✔substrates
organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which are an important source of energy ✔✔carbohydrates
a simple sugar manufactures by the body from carbohydrates, fat, and to a lesser extent protein ✔✔glucose
the complex carbohydrate molecule used to store carbohydrates in the liver and muscle cells. ✔✔Glycogen
the chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body ✔✔triglycerides
amino acids linked by peptide bongs, which consists of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and usually sulfur ✔✔protein
the formation of glucose from non-carb sources such as amino acids ✔✔gluneogenesis
energy storage and transfer unit within the cells of body ✔✔adenosine triphosphate
a high-energy compound occurring in all cells from which ATP is formed ✔✔adenosine diphosphate
the breakdown of triglycerides into smaller subunits called free fatty acids to convert FFas into acetlyCoA molecules, which then enter the Kreb's cycle and help to make more ATP ✔✔B- oxidation
the state of which the body's metabolism is elevated after exercise ✔✔EPOC
the science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces ✔✔biomechanics
positioned above a point of reference ✔✔superior
positioned below a point of reference ✔✔inferior
divides the body into left and right halves ✔✔sagittal plane
a bending in which the joint segments decrease ✔✔flexion
a straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases ✔✔extension
extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion ✔✔hyperextension
divides the body into front and back halves ✔✔frontal plane
movement away from the midline ✔✔abduction
movement towards the midline ✔✔adduction
divides the body into top and bottom halves ✔✔transverse planes
rotation towards the middle of the body ✔✔internal rotation
rotation away from the middle of the body ✔✔external rotation
movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position ✔✔horizontal abduction
movement of the arm of thigh in the transverse plane from alteral position to an anterior position ✔✔horiztonal adduction
adduction of scapula; shoulder blades move towards the midline ✔✔scapular retraction
abduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline ✔✔scapular protraction
downward motion of the scapula ✔✔scapular depression
upward motion of the scapula s ✔✔scapular elevation
