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NATIONAL COUNCIL EXAMINATION (NCE)
2025/2026 ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
The decision-making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was propsed by
David Tiedman and Robert O'Hara
The model Krumboltz suggested is
a behavioristic model of career development
The Gelatt model asserts that information can be organized into what 3 systems?
predictive, value, decision
Who created that Gelatt Decision Model and what does it refer to?
Harry B. Gelatt, refers to information as the fuel of the decision
In the Gelatt Model, the predictive system deals with
alternatives and the probability of outcomes
In the Dictionary of Occupational Titles each job was given a (blank) digit code
nine
A counselor who is interested in trends in the job market should consult the
OOH (occupational outlook handbook)
What is the SOC
Standard Occupational Classification manual, codes job clusters via similar worker function
What is the SIC
Standard Industrial Classification, classified businesses in regard to the type of activity they are engaged in
A client who likes her flower-arranging job begins doing flower arranging in her spare time. This phenomenon is best described as
spillover
Higher-order conditioning
when a new stimulus is paired with the CS (controlled stimulus or learned stimulus) and the new stimulus takes on the power of the CS
In counseling, what is a paradigm?
A model
Who developed reality therapy?
William Glasser
What is the "law of effect" and who developed it?
Edward Thorndike, it asserts that responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated, and those that produce unpleasantness will be stamped out.
Who developed the BASIC-ID?
Arnold Lazarus
Describe the concept of the BASIC-ID
B=behavior including acts, habits, reactions; A=affective responses, such as emotions, feelings, and moods; S=sensations (hearing, touch, ect); I= images/the way we perceive ourselves, including memories and dreams; C= cognitions, such as thoughts; I= interpersonal relationship; D= drugs including alcohol, legal, illegal
Classical conditioning relates to the work of
Ivan Pavlov
What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating when food is presented
Skinner's operant conditioning is also referred to as
Instrumental learning
Respondent behavior refers to
reflexes
The first studies that showed that animals could be conditioned to control autonomic processes were conducted by...?
Neal Miller and Ali Banuazizi
What is trial and error learning?
assumes that satisfying associations related to a given behavior will cause it to be "stamped in," and those associated with annoying consequences are "stamped out"
Who developed the law of effect AKA trial and error learning?
Edward Thorndike
What did Mary Cover Jones demonstrate?
that "learning could serve as a treatment for a phobic reaction
What is NLP?
Neurolinguistic programming
Who developed NLP?
John Grinder and John Bandler
What is depth psychology based on?
Freud's topographic hypothesis
Describe higher-order conditioning
When a new stimulus is paired with the CS (controlled stimulus AKA learned stimulus) the new stimulus takes on the power of the CS
What is EEG used for?
To secure feedback related to brain wave rhythms. It could be used to teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation.
The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the...
variable ratio
What is Joseph Wolpe known for?
Creating systematic desensitization
George A. Kelly, the client is given a sketch of a person or a fixed role, they are instructed to read the script at least 3x a day and to act, think, and verbalize like the person in the script AKA the psychology of personal constructs
Sensate focus is...
Behavioral sex therapy
Who developed sensate focus?
William H. Masters and Virginia Johnson
What is one distinction between flooding (deliberate exposure with response prevention) and implosive therapy?
Implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination
What does logotherapy mean and what is it based on?
healing through meaning, existentialism
Who invented Logotherapy?
Viktor Frankl
Which philosophers are existentialists?
Satre, Buber, Binswanger, Boss, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Tillich, Heidegger, Dostoevsky, Jaspers
Existentialists speak of what three words?
Umwelt (physical), Mitwelt (relationship) Eigenwelt (identity)
Glasser felt the responsible person will have a _______ identity.
success
The philosopher most closely related to REBT is
Epictetus
Maxie C. Maultsby Jr. is the father of...?
rational-behavior therapy (RBT)
Nurturing parent and Critical parent
The Child ego state is like the child within. The child may manifest itself as
the Natural child, the Adapted child, the little Professor
TA (transactional analysis) is a cognitive model of therapy that asserts that healthy communication transactions...
occur where vectors of communication run parallel
In TA what are crossed transcations?
occurs when vectors from a message sent and a message received don't run parallel (Ex: I send a message from my adult to your Adult and you respond from your Adult to my child). These result in a deadlock of communication or hurt feelings.
In TA, unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game are called
Rackets
According to Eric Berne a life script is
a life drama or plot based on unconscious decisions made early in life
Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales reflect the work ok
Carkhuff and Gazda
NLP is an abbreviation of
Bandler and Grinder's neurolinguistic programming
A Gestalt therapist will deal with a client's projection via
playing the projection technique
Gestalt therapists sometimes use the exaggeration experiment which most closely resembles
paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson
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According to Gestalt therapists, a client who is angry at his wife for leaving him and who makes a suicide attempt would be engaging in
retroflection
Rogers (person-centered) views people as
good and moves toward growth and self-actualization
Berne (Transactional Analysis) view clients as
messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though intervention can change this script.
Ellis (REBT) sees people as
having a cultural/biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently.
Perls (Gestalt) views people as
not bad or good. Have the capacity to govern life effectively as "whole." People are part of the environment and must be viewed as such.
Glasser (reality therapy) views people as
individuals who strive to meet basic physiological needs and the need to be worth wile to self and others. Brian as control system tries to meet needs.
Adler (individual psychology) view of clients:
Man is basically good; much of behavior is determined via birth order.
Jung (analytic psychology) view of clients:
Man strives for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment.
Skinner (Behavior Modification) view of clients
Humans are like other animals: mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies; not good or bad; no self-determination or freedom
Bandura (neobehavioristic) view of clients:
person produces and is a product of conditioning. Observation and modeling are extremely important
Frankl (logotherapy) view of clients
Existential view is that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice
Williamson (trait-factor) view of clients:
The human relations core for effective counseling includes
empathy, positive regard, and genuineness
The term 'group therpay' was coined in 1931 by
Jacob moreno, the father of psychodrama
Raymond Corsini once referred to the early 1940s as the modern era of group work. During that time, 2 organizations for group therapy were created and group work became legitimate. The groups are
ASGPP (American Society for Group Psychotherapy & Psychodrama) & AGPA (American Group Psychotherapy Association)
Who's work led to the creation of the AGPA (American Group Psychotherapy Association)
Samuel Richard Slavson in 1943
What does AAS stand for?
American Association of Suicidology
Which theorist's work has been classified as a preface to the group movement?
Alfred Adler & Jesse B. Davis
Primary groups are
preventive and attempt to ward off problems.
What is the difference between group therapy and group counseling?
group counselng is longer
What is a guidance group (AKA psychoeducational group)?
originated in the public school system and do not deal with remediation of severe psychological pathology and are preventative and provide instruction about a potential problem, they are time limited and will sometimes use videos and guest speakers
One disadvantage of group work is that a counselor can be too focused on group processes and
individual issues are not properly examined
