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National Counselor Examination Study
Guide Questions and Answers Graded
A+
Using motivation from 'within' is known as ______________
A. Inside motivation
B. Interior motivation
C. Intrinsic motivation
D. Idealistic motivation ✔✔C. Intrinsic motivation
Which of the following is not an example of extrinsic motivation?
A. Employee performance improves when wages are increased
B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene plan
C. Children finish a task more quickly if they are promised candy
D. A student studies more on a test to make the highest grade in the class ✔✔B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene plan
Which of the following socioeconomic factor could affect the outcome of therapeutic counseling? Choose all that apply.
A. Lack of transportation
B. Lack of intrinsic motivation
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
D. None of the above ✔✔A. Lack of transportation
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
What is the meaning of transference/countertransference relationships? Choose all that apply.
A. A client transferring their relationship with another onto the therapist
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another onto the client
C. Transferring the blame or outcome of behavior onto someone else
D. None of the above ✔✔A. A client transferring their relationship with another onto the therapist
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another onto the client
What is one instance that might cause a clinician to break the strong code of client confidentiality?
A. Feeling the need to talk
B. Duty to warn
C. When the therapist is going on vacation
Classical Conditioning ✔✔a process in which a subject comes to respond to a stimulus that was previously considered neutral, continued exposure to the stimulus will elicit a desired response
Operant Conditioning ✔✔a process in which a subject engages in the correct behavior through the use of both rewards and punishments for a response. The subject learns to associate the behavior with the outcome
Who created the behavioral psychology theory based on the idea that human beings respond to their environment; external stimuli, not internal stimuli? ✔✔Watson - he believed that all human beings could change their behavior through classical or operant conditioning.
Who developed the following schedules of reinforcement:
Continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement (fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval) ✔✔B.F. Skinner - behavioral theorist
Continuous reinforcement schedule ✔✔reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Partial reinforcement schedule ✔✔reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
fixed ratio schedule ✔✔a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a predetermined number of responses
What strength of reinforcement does fixed ratio schedule produce? ✔✔a high, steady rate of responses.
What schedule of reinforcement is: giving a subject a piece of candy after they answer five questions correctly ✔✔Fixed ratio
variable-ratio schedule ✔✔a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
What strength of reinforcement does variable-ratio schedule produce? ✔✔High, steady rate of responding
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement? ✔✔Positive reinforcement adds a stimulus, negative reinforcement either removes a noxious stimuli (buckling seatbelt to get rid of beeping) or behavior avoids noxious stimulus (studying to avoid bad grades)
A counselor asks her client what day it is, where he is right now, and what his name is. The counselor is gathering info for what part of the mental status examination? ✔✔Sensorium
What characterizes Generation "X" group, which refers to individuals born between 1965 and 1976? ✔✔Wanting exciting jobs and keeping options open
A married couple with two school-aged children gets divorced, which drastically reduces the amount of conflict in the home. All of a sudden, however, the younger child starts throwing temper tantrums, whereas before he was perfectly well-behaved. What phenomenon might explain this child's change in behavior following the divorce? ✔✔Homeostasis
What are the four stages of Bergan's behavioral model of consultation? ✔✔Problem identification, problem analysis, plan implementation, problem evaluation
Delirium, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease are all what type of disorder? ✔✔Neurocognitive
A family counselor who consciously joins with the family during sessions, observes what he experiences during those sessions, and then makes interpretations to family members is most likely operating from what perspective?
A. Bowen
B. Humanistic
C. Experiential
D. Narrative ✔✔C. Experiential
A counselor works closely with clients from a culture different from hers in an attempt to understand their perspectives - is an example of what type of worldview? ✔✔Emic
Facts about social justice counseling: ✔✔- it seeks a balance of power and resources
- it addresses issues of unequal power
- it has led to ACA identifying advocacy competencies for counselors
what is shaping in operant conditioning? ✔✔a way of adding behaviors to a persons repertoire
-used when target behavior does not yet exist
-what is reinforced is an approximation of the target behavior, the behavior you want to shape.
Filtering ✔✔negative details of a situation are magnified and all positive details of the situation are deleted. The person then dwells on the negative of the situation.
Polarized thinking ✔✔Situations, People or places are either "all or nothing". For example, a person either loves or hates others, or perceives situations as "the best ever" or "the worst ever"
Overgeneralization ✔✔Based on one experience or little information, a person draws a conclusion. For example if a person got into a car accident at a store parking lot, they might come to view the store as dangerous and refuse to return
Catastrophizing ✔✔A person expects the worst, even when there is evidence to suggest otherwise. For example, a person might not apply for a job, thinking they won't get it anyway - so why bother?
Personalization ✔✔The belief that every response is directed at the person and that they are the cause of external events or feelings. For example, a victim may blame themselves for leaving their house for work late, perceiving that their own lateness was the cause of the car accident.
Control Fallacies ✔✔A person sees himself or herself as a victim and believes that the external world has an inordinate amount of control over him or her. For example "I wouldn't have forgotten my work assignment if my boss didn't give me so much work". There are also internal control fallacies where a person views themselves as responsible. For example, "My boss is mad at me because he didn't greet me today". There are also fallacies of control, which is a belief that life in general is not fair.
Blaming ✔✔A person blames others for their situation, such as attributing the cause of negative behaviors to others actions.
Shoulds ✔✔A belief in the "should and should nots" For example someone might think, "I should eat healthier. I should not eat all these chips. If i was stronger, I wouldn't be so fat"
Emotional Reasoning ✔✔A belief that emotions are thoughts, or the thought that because one thinks or feels something, it might be true. For example, a thought might be, " I don't feel like working today, so I must be depressed"
Always being right ✔✔A person's need to go to all lengths to prove themselves right, even when evidence suggests otherwise
Schema ✔✔a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation, that can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations
What are the three ways human beings acquire schemas? ✔✔Assimilation, Accommodation, equilibration
Assimilation ✔✔adding to an existing schema as new stimuli or situations are experienced
Accommodation ✔✔The process of changing our current schema, or the development of an entirely new schema
Equilibration ✔✔The balance between assimilation and accommodation.
Developmental Theories ✔✔focus on the growth and development of humans at certain ages across the lifespan. They attempt to explain how a person develops emotionally or psychologically. Some theories believe that the stages are continuous, while others feel they are discontinuous.
What does it mean if one believes stages of development are discontinuous? ✔✔a human being could not move past a developmental stage until the issue or crisis was resolved.
Freud's believed ✔✔human beings possess an inherent sexual energy, which he labeled as libido. Libido which is present from birth, develops over 5 stages. He believed that personality was developed by the successful completion of these stages and was fully developed by puberty. He also believed if a stage was unresolved, the person would be fixated at this stage which would lead to mental disorders etc.
Freud's Psychosexual Stages ✔✔oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage
oral stage ✔✔Freud's first stage of psychosexual development, (birth to about age 1 or 2) during which the instincts of infants are focused on the mouth as the primary pleasure center.
Oral stage fixation ✔✔If child is neglected, or when the child has to wean from the breast or bottle, they become upset. fixation in adulthood is a smoking habit
Anal stage ✔✔Freud's second stage of psychosexual development (1 to 3 years) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; gratification from the ability to independently control physical elimination
person is working on or has established the ability to obtain and maintain relationships that are outside sexual desires as well as friendships.
Freud's theory of the human psyche includes: ✔✔id, ego, superego
Id ✔✔Based on instinct, impulsivity and pleasure. The id demands immediate gratification. The id is not in touch with reality or logic.
Ego ✔✔This part of the psyche attempts to balance the needs of the id and the needs of the superego. The ego is reality-based.
Superego ✔✔This part of the psyche is based on morals and ethics. The superego strives to always do the right thing or not act at all.
Freuds thoughts about conscious mind, subconscious mind, and the unconscious mind ✔✔conscious mind - very aware of your thoughts, memories, and actions
subconscious - just below the conscious mind, info should be able to be retrieved at this level but there's something blocking it
unconscious mind - where thoughts, feelings or information goes when your conscious can not cope with the information, this can be because it is too traumatic for the psyche to recall
Erik Erikson's focus ✔✔on conflicts that take place within the ego, while freud focused on conflict between the id and ego
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development ✔✔Eight stages in which a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood. In each stage the person confronts and hopefully masters new challenges. Each stage builds on the successful completion of earlier stages
(Trust vs Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame, Initiative vs. Guilt, Ego Identity vs Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs Stagnation, Ego Integrity vs Despair)
Hope: Trust vs. Mistrust ✔✔(Infants, 0 - 1 year)
The first stage of Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development centers around the infants basic needs being met by the parents.
If warmth, regularity, affection - trust
Purpose: Initiative vs. Guilt ✔✔(Preschool, 4 - 6 years)
The third stage of Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development where initiative adds to autonomy the quality of undertaking, planning and attacking a task for the sake of being active and on the move. learning basic skills and principles of physics - things fall down, not up. round things roll, zip pants, tie shoes. Wants to complete his own actions for a purpose
Guilt is confusing - may feel guilty over things that logically should not cause guilt.
Competence: Industry vs. Inferiority ✔✔(Childhood, 7 - 12 years)
The fourth stage of Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development where the aim to bring a productive situation to completion gradually supersedes the whims and wishes of play.
Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion ✔✔(Adolescents, 13 - 19 years)
The fifth stage of Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development where the adolescent is newly concerned with how they appear to others. Search for meaning for oneself, as evidenced in the promise of a career. In later stages of adolescence child develops sense of sexual identity.
Love: Intimacy vs. Isolation ✔✔(Young Adults, 20 to 34 years)
The sixth stage of Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development where Erikson believes people are sometimes isolated due to intimacy
We are afraid of rejections such as being turned down or our partners breaking up with us.
Care: Generativity vs. Stagnation ✔✔(Middle Adulthood, 35 - 65 years)
The seventh stage of Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial DevelopmentThe concern of establishing and guiding the next generation. Socially valued work and disciplines are expressions of generativity. Simply having children does not in itself achieve generativity.
During middle age, the primary developmental task is is one of contributing to society and helping to guide future generations.
Wisdom: Ego Integrity vs. Despair ✔✔(Seniors, 65+)
