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NATIONAL DENTAL HYGIENE BOARD REVIEW UPDATED
ACTUAL EXAM 2025 500+ REVISION QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+
by when does the primitive mouth (stomodeum) forms? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> by the end of the third week name for the primitive form of connective tissue? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> mesenchyme what is Meckels cartilage? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> bilateral cartilaginous bar formed by brachial arch I to support the mandibular arch until it is replaced by bone of the mandible the median nasal process produces a bulge known as the globular process, what does this form?
- CORRECT ANSWER >>> the center of the upper lip (philtrum) and the premaxilla what is the critical period for movement and complete fusion of the lateral palentine process and the premaxilla? failure of this fusion produces what deformity? **- CORRECT ANSWER
** 8 - 12 weeks in utero. failue produces cleft palate (more common in girls) how many weeks in utero does the tongue begin to form from the anterior wall of the primitive throat and protrudes upward and anteriorly? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> at 4 weeks in utero from what brachial arch (s) does the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and the posterior 1/3 of the tongue derive? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> anterior 2/3= brachial arch I (later from chorda timpani branched from facial nerve VII) posterior 1/3= brachial arch II and III (later from the hypoglossal nerve IX)
T/F epithelium has its own bloods supply? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> F= epithelium gains its nutrients and blood supply from blood vessels located in the underlying CT where does melanin (pigment granules) originate from? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> from melanocytes located in the basal layer stratified squamous epithelium is composed of what three types? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1. non keratonized
- keratonized
- parakeratonized what are the two layers that compose the nonkeratinized layer in stratified squamous epithelium? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1. basal- melanin present
- prickle- cells are star shaped what are the four layers that compose the keratinized (orthokeratized) layer in the stratified squamous epithelium? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1. basal
- prickle
- granular (stratum granulosum)- cells are filled with keratohyaline granules (chemical precursor to keratin). Nuclei cells show degeneration, but are NOT DEAD
- keratinized (stratum corneum)- cells contain no nuclei and ARE DEAD ). examples- soles of feet, palms of hands and calluses. what are the three main layers that compose the parakeratinized layer in the stratified squamous epithelium? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1. basal
- prickle
- keratinized- GRANULAR LAYER DOES NOT FORM IN THIS TYPE OF EPITHELIUM. keratinized layer contains cells which NUCLEI ARE ALIVE.
what is the location of the alveolar crest? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1.5-2.mm below the CEJ collagen fibers from the PDL, which are attached on one side to cementum covering the root and the other side to the cribiform plate. this attachment holds the tooth firmly in the alveoulus. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> sharpeys fibers what two fluids compose saliva? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1. serous
- mucous what enzyme is present in the serous fluid of saliva and what is its function? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> ptyalin, its function is for digestion of starches what is the approximate pH of saliva? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 6.0-7. saliva produced by the parotid gland is what type of fluid? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> serous what duct is located in the parotid gland? where is it located? **- CORRECT ANSWER
** Stensen's duct. located opposite the maxillar molars (second molar) what nerve divides in the stensen's duct and emerges as five main branches? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> facial nerve (VIII) parotitis? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> mumps, VIRAL infection of the parotid glands what are the three major salivary glands? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1. parotid
- submandibular
- sublingual
which salivary gland produces the most saliva? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> submandibular what duct is located at the submandibular gland? where is it located? **- CORRECT ANSWER
** Wharton's duct, located at small papillae in the sublingual caruncle what type of saliva fluid is created by the submandibular gland? **- CORRECT ANSWER ** mixed, 80% serous and 20% mucous what is the sublingual gland duct (smallest of the three major gland) and where is it located? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Bartholin's duct located at the caruncle what type of saliva fluid does the sublingual duct create? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> mucous what is the origin of enamel? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> ectoderm the thickening oral epithelium is known as? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> primary dental lamina (grows from underlying mesenchyme) what is the name of the phase where the formation of tooth germs also called enamel organs are created? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> initiation phase (bud) what three parts make up a tooth germ? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1. enamel organ- made from ectoderm and ectomesenchyme enamel
- dental papilla- made from enderlying mesenchyme dentin and pulp
- dental sac- converts into PDL, which produces cementum of the tooth and also bone of the tooth socket lamina dura
what is reduced enamel epithelium? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> when the enamel organ has been reduced to a single layer what is secondary enamel cuticle? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> a sticky noncalcified adhesive like secretion made from mucopolysaccharide produced from the reduced enamel epi. REE surrounds the tooth until it emerges into the oral cavity. after the root tip emerges the part of the REE turns into what? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> junctional epithelium, this is what remains of the original enamel organ of the tooth germ why is it important that odontoblast line the edge of the tooths pulp? **- CORRECT ANSWER
** because it keeps the dentin alive
** mucous what is the origin of enamel? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> ectoderm the thickening oral epithelium is known as? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> primary dental lamina (grows from underlying mesenchyme) what is the name of the phase where the formation of tooth germs also called enamel organs are created? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> initiation phase (bud) what three parts make up a tooth germ? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1. enamel organ- made from ectoderm and ectomesenchyme enamel 2. dental papilla- made from enderlying mesenchyme dentin and pulp 3. dental sac- converts into PDL, which produces cementum of the tooth and also bone of the tooth socket lamina dura what is reduced enamel epithelium? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> when the enamel organ has been reduced to a single layer what is secondary enamel cuticle? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> a sticky noncalcified adhesive like secretion made from mucopolysaccharide produced from the reduced enamel epi. REE surrounds the tooth until it emerges into the oral cavity. after the root tip emerges the part of the REE turns into what? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> junctional epithelium, this is what remains of the original enamel organ of the tooth germ why is it important that odontoblast line the edge of the tooths pulp? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> because it keeps the dentin alive only when the shape of the crown is established fully will the roots of a tooth be shaped, but before the full crown is calcified. What is responsible for the root shaping process? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS). it determines the outline form of root dentin before cementum formation begins and the number of roots it will have. when HERS disintegrates it leaves remains, what are they called? where are they located, and what can it possible become in the future? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> epithelial rests of Malassez, located in the PDL and in the future can become the epithelial lining of cyst what are dentinal tubules? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> long tubes running from DEJ to pulp, filled with odontoblast what is mantle dentin? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the first pre-dentin that forms and matures in the tooth what is the mineral that makes up 96% of the total weight of enamel? **- CORRECT ANSWER ** hydroxyapetite
how does hypocalcification occur? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> if hydroxyapatite crystals do not grow to full size, the enamel crystals will less tightly packed. how is the pulp created? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the pulp is whatever remains from the dental papilla after the dentin has formed and transformed into the dental sac what is the primary function of the pulp? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> support and maintenance of the odontoblast layer at its periphery the nerves that are no longer covered by the myelin sheath "free nerve endings" are held responsible for what? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> for the perception of pain, regardless of nature of these stimuli (heat, cold, pressure) T/F cementum is avascular - CORRECT ANSWER >>> true what are five functions of PDL fibers? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1. attachment and support
- nutrition 3.synthesis and resorption
- proprioception- pressure, where things are, what contacts where
- supportive- suspends toot in its socket the heavy collagen fiber bundles that PDL's consist of are called? what are interstitial areas in regards to PDL fiber bundles? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> called principal fiber bundles. interstitial areas are areas that contain loose CT, blood vessels and nerves. run from most cervical cementum into gingiva (lamina propia) hold gingiva firmly to tooth - CORRECT ANSWER >>> free gingival fibers
differentiate between predentin and dentin - CORRECT ANSWER >>> predentin is less calcified because of the thick Von Korffs fibers what is reparative (tertiary) dentin? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> dentin that is formed quick and localized involving only the areas exposed to external insult such as caries, attrition, or operative procedures a aggregate of cases of a disease, or other health conditions closely grouped in TIME and SPACE example= the black plague in Europe in the 1300's - CORRECT ANSWER >>> cluster a disease of significantly greater prevalence than normal. occurs RAPIDLY and SUDDENLY example= SARS in 2003 that took 800 lives - CORRECT ANSWER >>> epidemic indigenous to a population or geographic area. usually presence of a disease in a PARTICULAR area. example= malaria in africa - CORRECT ANSWER >>> endemic affecting a large population of the geographic population of a country and/or continent. CROSSES INTERNATIONAL BORDERS example- HIV/AIDS - CORRECT ANSWER >>> pandemic define mortality - CORRECT ANSWER >>> death rate resulting from specific disease or condition define morbidity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> extent of a disease/injury or disability in a defined population
rate of NEW cases of disease In a population at risk during or over a given time period - CORRECT ANSWER >>> incidence number of people in a population affected by a condition AT ANY ONE TIME old or new - CORRECT ANSWER >>> prevalence involves description,documentation, analysis, and interpretation of data to evaluate a current event or situation. Determines who is getting the disease and where and when the disease is occurring. example= survey - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Descriptive research determines the cause of the disease, or if a casual relationship exist between factor and disease
- CORRECT ANSWER >>> Analytical research used when the etiology of a disease Is established and the researcher wishes to determine the effectiveness of altering some factors. deliberately withholding of the supposed cause of the condition and observing the results. aka- clinical trial - CORRECT ANSWER >>> experimental research looks at phenomenon at one point in time - CORRECT ANSWER >>> cross-sectional study prospective study - CORRECT ANSWER >>> looking ahead. planning of entire study is done before data are collected and analyzed carrying out an investigation observations or data that has been used in the past. looking back - CORRECT ANSWER >>> retrospective study cohort study - CORRECT ANSWER >>> group of people from whom data is collected is often characterized by common characteristics
- equal probability of selection for every member randomly selecting a proportionate number of subjects from each SUBGROUP for the sample - CORRECT ANSWER >>> stratified sample systematic sample - CORRECT ANSWER >>> every Nth individual to participate define convenience sample. when is it used? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> a group is chosen because it happens to be convenient. used when access to total population is not feasible nominal scale - CORRECT ANSWER >>> simple gives names to different conditions and therefore not a strict scale at all ordinal scale - CORRECT ANSWER >>> RANKED in increasing or decreasing order interval scale - CORRECT ANSWER >>> equal distance between each level. NO TRUE ZERO POINT example- temperature ratio scale - CORRECT ANSWER >>> equal distance between each level. HAS A TRUE ZERO POINT INTERrater reliability - CORRECT ANSWER >>> consistency between 2 OR MORE EXAMINERS INTRArater reliability - CORRECT ANSWER >>> consistency among 1 examiner calibration - CORRECT ANSWER >>> one group is considered "gold standard" examiner and the training is to enable others examiners to record similarity
best and most widely used to measure coronal caries. irreversible index determines status of dental caries activity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> DMF index what teeth are not counted when using a dental caries measurement? (7) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1. 3rd molars 2.unerupted
- congenitally missing
- supernumerary
- extractions for reasons other than dental caries
- teeth restored for reasons other than dental caries
- retained primary teeth lowercase letters in the dental caries measurement tool mean? **- CORRECT ANSWER
** primary teeth irreversible index that calculates the ratio of teeth with carious lesions on the exposed root surface - CORRECT ANSWER >>> RCI permanent teeth of children suffer most decay on what surfaces? **- CORRECT ANSWER ** buccal pits of mandibular molars and lingual grooves of maxillary molars services that prevent the initiation of disease example- fluoridated water, sealants, brushing and flossing - CORRECT ANSWER >>> primary services
how to find the median? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> point that divides the scores into equal parts. (arrange the numbers in numerical value, it is then the middle number. if there is two middle numbers, add the two then divide by 2. example (88+90)/2= 89) what is the mode? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the values the occur with the greatest frequency how to measure the range? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> highest number minus the lowest measures dispertion what Is the variance and what is its formula? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the spread of scores around the mean how to know if to add or subtract from the standard deviation? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> if standard deviation is ABOVE the mean- add if standard deviation is BELOW the mean- subtracted what is it called when the normal curve is symmetrical around the mean? this is also the way to graph central tendency - CORRECT ANSWER >>> bell curve mean and median are skewed to the left of the mode - CORRECT ANSWER >>> NEGATIVE skew mean and median are skewed to the right of the mode - CORRECT ANSWER >>> POSITIVE skew what Is the T- test used for?
single group? two independent group? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> used to analyze the difference between TWO means. single groups who yields pre and post treatment score is known as a T-test for DEPENDENT samples. (example- examining the diff. in blood glucose levels in diabetic subjects before and after treatment with a new diet) two independent groups is called T-test for INDEPENDENT samples (example- group A tries one type of tooth brushing method, and group B receives no tooth bushing instructions and are asked to use their normal method) what is the ANOVA test used for? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> used to allow comparison among more than two sample means which test is used to analyze questionnaire data and to determine whether a relationship exist between two variables - CORRECT ANSWER >>> chi-squared test list the5 steps in community planning - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1. assessment
- diagnosis
- planning
- implementation
- evaluation what is the most important step in community planning? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the needs assessment t what is the initial step in he community planning? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> assessment phase
- lighting what is considered the standard measure of appropriate utilization of dental care? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> a visit in the previous year angular cheilitis can be caused by what two things> - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1. candidiasis
- vitamin B deficiency what is the international government role in public health? **- CORRECT ANSWER
** coordinates programs for underdeveloped nations and gathers epidemiological data for comparison across the nation WHO is a prime example what is the federal government role in public health? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> grant funding, where the money comes from what is the state government role in public health? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> applies to the federal government for funding what is the local government role in public health? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> initiates dental health legislative measures such as fluoridation provides the reciept of health care to all persons aged 65 or older, regardless of their ability to pay - CORRECT ANSWER >>> medicare, tittle XVIII intended to bring access to the health care of indigent and medically indigent segments of the population - CORRECT ANSWER >>> medicaid, tittle XIX
lump some of given to a group to use at their discretion - CORRECT ANSWER >>> block grant a grant that has specifics as to where it should go - CORRECT ANSWER >>> line hem grant what is biotransformation? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> changing a drug to a more ionized form so that i could be more easily excreted by the kidneys what is teratogenic effects? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> congenital abnormalities caused by drugs what adrenergic antagonist is used for the diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> phenoxybenzamine what is digoxin (lanoxin) derived from? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> from a compound found in the foxglove plant what are the mechanical and electrical effects of digitalis glycosides? **- CORRECT ANSWER
** mechanical= congestive heart failure (strengthens contractions, increases cardiac output, and helps remove excess fluid from kidneys) electrical= arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, and tachycardia (slows atrioventricular conductivity, increase refractory period of AV node, and decrease SA node why is epinephrine a contraindication for patients taking a digitalis glycoside? **- CORRECT
ANSWER >>>** because epinephrine is a vasoconstrictor and can cause a arrhythmia what are 2 common causes of arrhythmia? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1. abnormal impulse conduction
- abnormal impulse generation
