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Anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration is a form of respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen. Although oxygen is not used as the final electron acceptor, the process still uses a respiratory electron transport chain; it is respiration without oxygen.pg 47 TERM 2
ETS (electron transport system)
DEFINITION 2 Captures the energy that is released by the krebs cycle. TERM 3
Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
DEFINITION 3 occurs in the matrix of a cells mitochondria and breaks down pyruvic acid and molecules. into CO2 molecules, H+ (protons), and 2 ATP molecules.pg 48 TERM 4
Glycolysis
DEFINITION 4 is the breaking down of the six-carbon sugar (glucose) into smaller carbon-containing molecules yielding ATP TERM 5
Aerobic
DEFINITION 5 A Cell That requires oxygen
Dark Reaction (CO2 Fixation)
Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. This 2nd phase of photosynthesis does not require light. TERM 7
Cell Membrane (plasma membrane)
DEFINITION 7 The cell membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. TERM 8
Nucleus
DEFINITION 8 An organelle surrounded by two lipid bilayer membranes. contains chromosomes, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, and nucleoli TERM 9
Nucleolus
DEFINITION 9 The nucleolus is the largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells where it primarily serves as the site of ribosome synthesis and assembly. TERM 10
Nuclear Membrane
DEFINITION 10 Is the boundary between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Is actually a double membrane, which allows for the entrance and exit of certain molecules through the nuclear pores.
Diffusion
Diffusion is the net movement of a substance from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. TERM 17
Passive Transport
DEFINITION 17 Substances freely pass across the membrane without the cell expending energy. TERM 18
Facilitated Diffusion
DEFINITION 18 Not to be confused with diffusion. Facilitated diffusion allows for the transfer of substances across the cell membrane with the help of specialized proteins TERM 19
osmosis
DEFINITION 19 Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. TERM 20
Endocytosis
DEFINITION 20 Endocytosis is an energy-using process by which cells absorb molecules by engulfing them.
Exocytosis
Exocytosis is the durable, energy-consuming process by which a cell directs the contents of secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane and into the extracellular space. TERM 22
Cellular
Metabolism
DEFINITION 22 This includes all types of energy transformation processes, including photosynthesis, respiration, growth, movement. Energy transformations occur as chemicals are broken apart or synthesized within the cell. TERM 23
Anabolism
DEFINITION 23 the process whereby cells build molecules and store energy ( in the form of chemical bonds) TERM 24
Catabolism
DEFINITION 24 Is the process of breaking down molecules and releasing stored energy. TERM 25
Photosynthesis
DEFINITION 25 Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities.
Secretory Vesicles
Are packets of material packaged by either the golgi apparatus or the endoplasmic reticulum. Carries substances produce within the cell to the cell membrane. TERM 32
Lysosomes
DEFINITION 32 Are membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes TERM 33
Mitochondria
DEFINITION 33 Are centers of cellular respiration. ATP molecules store energy that is later used in cell process. they are self- replicating, containing their own DNA, RNA and ribosomes TERM 34
Endosymbiont Hypothesis
DEFINITION 34 Is the plausible explanation of how mitochondria, which have many of the necessary components for life on their own, became an integral part of eukaryotic cells. TERM 35
Centrioles
DEFINITION 35 Are structural components of may cells. Are tubes constructed of a geometrical arrangement of microtubles in a pin wheel shape.
Ribosomes
Are the site of protein synthesis within cells. Ribosomes are composed of certain protein molecules and RNA molecules. TERM 37
Free Ribosomes
DEFINITION 37 Float unattached within the cytoplasm, not within membrane-bound organelles. TERM 38
Attached Ribosomes
DEFINITION 38 Are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Proteins made at the site are destined for use within the membrane- bound organelles. TERM 39
Endoplasmic Reticulum
DEFINITION 39 A large organization of folded membranes, is responsible for the delivery of lipids and proteins to certain areas within cytoplasm. TERM 40
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
DEFINITION 40 Has attached ribosomes. In addition to packing and transport of materials within the cell, which is instrumental to protein synthesis.
Endocytic Vesicles
Form When the Plasma membrane of a cell surrounds a molecule outside the membrane, then releases a membrane- bound sack containing the desired molecule or substance into the cytoplasm. TERM 47
Genomes
DEFINITION 47 sum total of genetic information. TERM 48
Gene
DEFINITION 48 Is a length of DNA that encodes a particular protein. Each protein the cell synthesizes performs a specific function in the cell. TERM 49
Mutation
DEFINITION 49 A mutation can result from an error that randomly occurs during replication. It expresses itself in a change of the cell structure and function. TERM 50
Transcription
DEFINITION 50 Refers to the formation of an RNA molecule, which corresponds to a gene. The DNA strand "unzips" and replicates.
Post Transcriptional
processing
This processing prepares the mRNA for protein synthesis by removing the non-coding sequences. TERM 52
Codon
DEFINITION 52 The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded within genetic material is translated into proteins by living cells. TERM 53
Translation
DEFINITION 53 Transfer RNA or tRNA is the link between the "language" of nucleotides (codon and anticodon) and the 'Language" of amino acids.occurs at the ribosomes TERM 54
Anticodon
DEFINITION 54 asequenceofthreenucleotidesinaregionoftransferRNAthatrecogniz TERM 55
Structural Genes
DEFINITION 55 code proteins that form organs and structural characteristics.
histones
Highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. TERM 62
chromatin
DEFINITION 62 The combination of DNA with histones. TERM 63
Chromatids
DEFINITION 63 A chromatid is one copy of a duplicated chromosome, which is generally joined to the other copy by a single centromere. TERM 64
Homologs
DEFINITION 64 A couple of homologous chromosomes is a set of one maternal chromosome and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during mitosis. TERM 65
Alleles
DEFINITION 65 Different forms of corresponding genes.
Cell Cycle
A cell that is going to divide progresses through a particular sequence of events ending in cell division, which produces two daughter cells.
