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NAVLE Exam Prep Questions | 100% Correct Answers |
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A person calls to say she adopted a friend's dog and requests a copy of the dog's medical record and radiographs. The former owner is a client at your clinic. Which one of the following choices is the most appropriate action to take? A - Require original owner consent or court order to release information B - Give caller a copy of medical record only C - Give caller a copy of medical record and radiographs D - After physical exam, start a new medical record documenting previous issues E - Give a summarized record with personal identifiers (vet, owner names) blocked out - ✔✔A According to the AVMA's Principles of Veterinary Medical Ethics (2008 revision) "Ethically, the information within veterinary medical records is considered privileged and confidential. It must not be released except by court order or consent of the owner of the patient. Veterinarians should secure a written release to document that request." A 5 year old domestic short-haired spayed female cat is presented with the complaints of anorexia, chronic vomiting, and weight loss. Physical examination reveals icterus, dehydration, and fever. Thickened small intestinal loops are appreciated with abdominal palpation, and serum biochemistry shows increased bilirubin and liver enzymes. The cat is diagnosed with extrahepatic biliary obstruction with accompanying cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease. Which one of the following normal anatomic features may predispose cats to this triad of diseases? A - Narrowing of the duodenum distal to the entry of the common bile and pancreatic ducts B - Common opening of the pancreatic and common bile ducts into duodenum
C - Enlarged duodenal papilla in comparison to other species D - Decreased proportion of alpha-smooth muscle actin in muscle fibers of the wall of the gall bladder in cats E - Decreased diameter and increa - ✔✔B In cats, there is a common opening of the pancreatic and common bile ducts into the duodenum. It is thought that this may predispose them to ascending cholangitis and pancreatitis after vomiting associated with inflammatory bowel disease, resulting in extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Other possible etiologies of EHBO include neoplasia, biliary stricture, duodenal obstruction, diaphragmatic hernia, and parasitic infection. In all cases, there is a lack of bile entry into the intestinal tract, leading to decreased absorption of fat and fat soluble vitamins such as vitamin K, potentially resulting in coagulopathies. Except in transient cases that are related to acute pancreatitis, surgical intervention to relieve the obstruction is required as well as appropriate supportive care, antimicrobial treatment, and vitamin K administration. Most of a litter of European wild boar at a zoological park have died. The surviving piglets are in lateral recumbency with a frothy nasal discharge. Necropsy of the piglets reveals pulmonary edema and copious fluid in the trachea and bronchi along with grayish- white necrotic foci on the myocardium. Which one of the following diseases is the most likely diagnosis? A - Edema disease B - Encephalomyocarditis C - Glasser's Disease D - Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome E - Pseudorabies - ✔✔B Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is caused by a cardiovirus in the family picornaviridae. Confusingly, the virus is named for its effects on mice.
C - Lightning strike D - Selenium deficiency - ✔✔D The correct answer is selenium deficiency. The pale muscle and clinical signs are classic for vitamin E and selenium deficiency. This is important to remember! Other things that should be on your differential list for this case include cardiotoxic plants. A 6 - year old intact male domestic short haired cat presents with acute onset exophthalmos of the right eye in the past 2 days. He is painful on palpation around his eye and head. The eye can be retropulsed with minimal resistance. He has not been eating in the past day and has a rectal temperature of 103.4F (39.7 C). What is the most likely diagnosis? A - Orbital neoplasia B - Retrobulbar abscess C - Anterior uveitis D - Glaucoma - ✔✔B The answer is a retrobulbar abscess. Acute, painful exophthalmos is usually due to retrobulbar abscessation. These lesions are usually painful and may be swollen. These animals are frequently systemically ill with fever and leukocytosis. Causes of retrobulbar abscesses include penetrating wounds, foreign bodies, spread from dental or sinus infection, and hematogenous spread. Glaucoma does not cause exophthalmos, although, chronically it can cause buphthalmos which may appear similar. Anterior uveitis also does not cause exophthalmos. You are an associate veterinarian paid a base salary of $55,000 annually, plus a 8 % bonus based on receipts above your monthly production goal of $23,000. Bonuses are paid quarterly. Your last three month's production were: $23,000, $28,000, and $27,000. How much is your quarterly bonus? A - $
B - $
C - $
D - $
E - $900 - ✔✔C $
If $23,000 is the monthly production goal, then the month you brought in $23,000 does not count towards a bonus. In the second month, $ 28,000 = $5000 above goal In the third month $ 27,000 = $4000 above goal Total above production goal = $5000+$4000= $ $9000 X (0.08 bonus rate) = $720. Many practices use a combination system with a base salary and a production-based bonus if you bring in more than a monthly production goal, but no penalty if you are below that monthly goal, which is good if you are a new graduate, and helps in low traffic months at the clinic. A 10-year old female spayed Siamese cat presents for a new lump the owner found a month ago. She was spayed last year before she was adopted from the shelter. The owner states that the lump has grown over the last month, and it doesn't seem to bother the cat. On exam, the 2 cm lump is located on the left 2nd mammary gland, and no other lumps are noted. The lump is freely moveable, and chest radiographs are clear. What is the chance that this tumor is malignant? A - 5% B - 50% C - 20% D - 85% - ✔✔D
E - Endometrial hyperplasia - ✔✔A The most likely cause of a large uterine mass in an intact female potbellied pig is a uterine leiomyoma. These tumors do not typically metastasize so a cure may be achieved by surgical removal of the uterus. A 10 - year old German Shepherd presents to you with the complaint of licking the anal area and scooting. On examination, you find numerous ulcerated tracts in the perianal area that are draining purulent fluid. What is the diagnosis? A - Perianal fistula B - Clostridial colitis C - Anal sac abscess D - Anal sac impaction - ✔✔A The correct answer is perianal fistula. This is seen mainly in older German Shepherds, and licking the anus is a common presenting complaint. The key finding is the presence of multiple draining tracts in the perianal region that can actually be quite deep. Damage to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is associated with "roaring" in horses. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch off of which cranial nerve? A - Glossopharyngeal (CN 9) B - Facial (CN 7) C - Trigeminal (CN 5) D - Hypoglossal (CN 12) E - Vagus (CN 10) - ✔✔E Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (a branch of the Vagus (CN 10)) causes laryngeal hemiplegia - a paralysis of the abductor muscle (dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle) controlling the glottic cleft in the larynx.
This allows the vocal fold (usually left side) to evert into the lumen of the larynx, obstructing airflow, leading to a roaring sound, and most importantly, slowing the horse. Oral administration of which of these drugs has been implicated as a cause of esophageal strictures in cats? A - Doxycycline B - Azithromycin C - Diazepam D - Potassium bromide - ✔✔A The correct answer is doxycycline. There is also evidence that clindamycin can cause stricture formation. For this reason, it is recommended that after pilling a cat with doxycycline, it is followed with a small volume (5-10 mls) of water. A 5 year old female spayed Cocker Spaniel is presented with a strange expression. Her right ear and lip appear to droop. There is ptosis O.D. (right eye) and the dog is drooling on the exam table. What anatomic structure is damaged? A - Right side inner ear B - Left side inner ear C - Trigeminal nerve D - Facial nerve E - Left side medulla, motor tract - ✔✔D Think of facial nerve paralysis (CN 7) with a unilaterally droopy face. Remember the facial nerve is motor to the muscles of facial expression (explaining the right side drooped ear, lip and eyelid) and innervates the lacrimal and salivary glands. Loss of innervations can lead to a dry eye, and possibly to exposure keratitis if animal losses ability to close eyelid from damage to facial nerve innervation of the orbicularis oculi muscle. Idiopathic in 75% of canine cases (25% of cats).
detect coronavirus, but does not distinguish between the enteric coronavirus and the mutated FIP form of the virus. A 10 - year old male intact Doberman mix dog is presented with one testicle that is grossly enlarged and nonpainful and the other atrophied. What condition(s) are expected to be seen in association with this presentation? A - Benign prostatic hypertrophy, constipation B - Hypothyroidism C - Increased aggression, territoriality D - Feminization syndrome E - Penile hypertrophy, hirsutism - ✔✔D Feminization syndrome. Nonpainful unilateral testicular swelling in an old dog should make you think of neoplasia, especially an estrogen-secreting sertoli cell tumor, which can cause feminization syndrome. See gynecomastia, penile atrophy, pendulous prepuce, attraction of other males, blood dyscrasias, +/-bone marrow depression (via high estrogen), bilateral alopecia. Remember that cryptorchidism increases risk of sertoli cell tumor: About 25 - 29% of sertolis develop feminization syndrome and ~ 70% of intra-abdominal testicular tumors, regardless of type, cause feminization syndrome. May see prostate hypertrophy with sertoli, but it is due to squamous metaplasia, not the classic (and common) benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Hypothyroidism and BPH are common older dog conditions, but not associated with unilateral testicular hypertrophy. Remember that sex hormones are also secreted by the zona reticularis of adrenal cortex and can see feminization or virilism with excess secretion. Tommy, a 4 - year old male neutered domestic short hair, presents to you for frequent urination. Urinalysis reveals 4+ struvite crystals. An abdominal radiograph shows a 1 cm round calculus in the bladder. Tommy does not have a urethral blockage, and urine culture is negative. The owner says surgery to remove this stone is not an option due to finances. Which of the following would be the most important treatment for Tommy?
A - Potassium citrate B - Alkalinizing diet C - Clavamox D - Acidifying diet E - Metacam - ✔✔D This cat most likely has a struvite bladder stone. This cannot be determined without a stone analysis, but based on the signalment of the patient, the crystalluria, and the radiograph, this is the most likely type. These types of stones typically form in urine with a high pH. Therefore, an acidifying diet would be appropriate for stone dissolution. Calcium oxalate stones are the most common type of stone to form in acidic urine. For this type, an alkalinizing diet would be the most appropriate. Clavamox would only be indicated if this cat had a urinary tract infection sensitive to this antibiotic. This cat had a negative urine culture. Metacam can be used short-term to help with pain and inflammation associated with the cystitis from this condition but unfortunately Metacam is no longer recommend for use in cats in the United States. Potassium citrate is a supplement that can be given in addition to an alkalinizing diet to prevent the formation of calcium oxalate stones. This would be contraindicated in this case. What is the primary factor associated with pregnancy toxemia in ewes and goats? A - Young age at parturition B - Clostridium perfringens C - Polioencephalomalacia D - Inadequate nutrition E - High sulfur, Low thiamine diet - ✔✔D
If you see an intermittently fainting Boxer, think of Boxer cardiomyopathy. A rapid, irregular heart rate in a middle-aged, depressed, coughing, exercise-intolerant Doberman, suggests dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Think of Sick Sinus Syndrome (SSS) when you hear "Fainting Female Min. Schnauzer". Also see SSS in dachshunds, cockers, west highland whites. Think Tetralogy of Fallot in a young Bulldog, Keeshond, Wirehaired Fox Terrier with cyanosis, exercise intolerance. Remember young Min. Schnauzers and Wirehaired Fox Terriers are predisposed to Mega-esophagus. Which one of the following sets of conditions predispose a cow to metritis? A - Dystocia, overfeeding in dry period, Ca-P imbalance in feed B - Agalactia, milk fever, bovine vibriosis C - Strep. agalactiae mastitis, retained placenta, laminitis D - Milk fever, malnutrition, excess dietary zinc E - Contaminated calving environment, abortion, hypomagnesemia - ✔✔A Cows are predisposed to post-parturient bovine metritis by many things, including:
- Dystocia
- Overfeeding in dry period
- Ca-P imbalance in feed Cows are also predisposed to metritis by:
- Retained placenta
- Contaminated calving environment
- Abortion
- Malnutrition In cattle, the causative bacterial organisms isolated most often are Trueperella pyogenes alone or with Fusobacterium necrophorum or other gram-negative anaerobes. Note the name changes - Trueperella pyogenes used to be called Arcanobacterium pyogenes and before that it was classified as Corynebacterium pyogenes. Specific diseases associated with bovine metritis or endometritis include brucellosis, leptospirosis, trichomoniasis, and bovine campylobacter. In canine patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, a chemistry panel would show: A - Hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia B - Hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia C - Hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia D - Hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia - ✔✔D The correct answer is hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia. Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism would have hypercalcemia and normo to hypophosphatemia due to the law of mass action in which phosphorus decreases as calcium increases and vice versa. A horse presents to your clinic after ingesting a large amount of grain. What is your major concern? A - Torsion B - Acidosis C - Impaction D - Choke E - Laminitis - ✔✔E
B - Histophilus somni C - Moraxella bovis D - E. coli - ✔✔C The correct answer is Moraxella bovis. Thelazia is the eye worm. Histophilus somni is a cause of many syndromes, but is rarely found in the eye. E. coli is not an ocular pathogen. An 11 - year old Peruvian Paso presents with a history of progressive weight loss. Serum chemistry shows elevation in sorbitol dehydrogenase, lactate, alkaline phosphatase, and a decrease in albumin. A vast amount of Crotalaria spp. is seen in the pasture. What type of toxin does Crotalaria spp. possess? A - Nitrate B - Organophosphate C - Cyanide D - Pyrrolizidine alkaloid - ✔✔D The correct answer is pyrrolizidine alkaloid. The clinical signs described are typical for pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity. Consumption of this plant typically results in abnormalities in hepatic cell division; thus resulting in large hepatocytes known as megalocytosis. Acromegaly is associated with what 3 diseases in cats? A - Hypoadrenocorticism, Congestive heart failure, Hepatic lipidosis B - Hyperadrenocorticism, Pleural effusion, Lameness C - Diabetes mellitus, Cardiomyopathy, Renal disease D - Prognathism, Pulmonary edema, Pulmonary Hypertension E - Vertebral spondylosis, 3rd degree heart block, Glomerulonephritis - ✔✔C Think first of Diabetes mellitus in OLDER MALE cats (ave. 10 yr, 90% male) with Feline acromegaly. First presenting sign may be PU/PD, polyphagia of diabetes. WEIGHT GAIN in an unregulated diabetic cat STRONGLY SUGGESTS acromegaly. Think also of Cardiomyopathy (~50%; see weakness, dyspnea, systolic
murmur, cardiomegaly/CHF, pulmonary edema ). Think also of RENAL disease (~50%; see proteinuria, USpG 1.015-1.025, (and glucosuria from Dm)). May see prognathism (long mandible), lameness (esp. cats), marked vertebral spondylosis. You diagnose a dog with mites. Which of the following mites is not contagious to other dogs? A - Demodex spp. B - Cheyletiella spp. C - Sarcoptes spp. D - Psoroptes spp. - ✔✔A The correct answer is Demodex. Demodex mites are a natural inhabitant of skin. Clinical signs of a Demodex infection usually occur in puppies or immune-suppressed animals. The other mites listed are considered contagious. A 7 year old female spayed Border Collie is presented with two very goopy, gunk-covered eyes. A Schirmer tear test finds less than 10 mm/minute of wetting, a decreased result from the normal of at least 15mm / minute of wetting. The owner reports that the dog has been on "some kind of medicine" for the last 10 days, but it is actually his girlfriend's dog, and he doesn't know what the medicine is. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) secondary to the drug is suspected. Which drug may be causing the KCS? A - Amitraz B - Trimethoprim sulfa C - Griseofulvin D - Itraconazole E - Prednisolone - ✔✔B
A 5 - year old male castrated Mastiff presents for left pelvic limb lameness. The medial aspects of both stifles are thickened. Manipulation of the left stifle reveals cranial motion of the tibia relative to the femur and a clicking sound from the joint on flexion and extension. What is the most likely diagnosis? A - Left luxating patella B - Left cranial cruciate ligament rupture with meniscal cartilage tear C - Left cranial cruciate ligament rupture with no meniscal cartilage tear D - Left caudal cruciate ligament rupture with no meniscal cartilage tear - ✔✔B The correct answer is left cranial cruciate ligament rupture with meniscal cartilage tear. The cranial motion of the tibia and medial thickening of the joint (also known as medial buttress) is consistent with the commonly torn cranial cruciate ligament. The clicking heard on flexion and extension is consistent with damaged medial meniscus cartilage found in the stifle. Which of the following drugs is known for stimulating appetite in small animals? A - Cyproheptadine B - Acyclovir C - Omeprazole D - Tetracycline - ✔✔A The correct answer is cyproheptadine. Other appetite stimulants used for stimulating food consumption include mirtazipine, diazepam and oxazepam. An unweaned 2 - month old calf is presented for necropsy. The calf collapsed and suddenly died after she escaped and was chased around the back pasture for 45 minutes by her owner. Among other things, white myocardial and endocardial streaking in the left ventricle of this calf's heart are discovered. What advice should be given the farmer? A - Put all the calves off ionophore-containing feed B - Start the other calves on Ceftiofur (Naxcel ®)
C - Treat the other calves with vitamin E/Selenium D - Check the mother for bovine leukosis by AGID E - Search the calf barn for sources of lead - ✔✔C Treat the other calves with vitamin E/Selenium. Think of white muscle disease when you see SUDDEN DEATH and endocardial PLAQUES in a young calf, lamb or kid with a history of recent VIGOROUS EXERCISE. Typically seen in young, fast-growing animals (ie: calves 2 weeks-6 mos). Clinical signs may include dyspnea (due to myocardial disease), stiff gait, arched back, weakness, recumbent but BAR (bright, alert, responsive). Sudden death may resemble enterotoxemia, should see acute bloody diarrhea, convulsions, opisthotonos in first days of life with enterotoxemia. A 1.5-year-old spayed female cat presents with a 7 - day history of vocalizing, rolling, and allowing a male neutered cat in the household to mount her. The cat has gone through one similar episode 1 month ago. She otherwise has been behaving normally and has no other health problems. You performed an ovariohysterectomy on the cat at 3 months of age. You perform vaginal cytology which shows some cornified epithelial cells but is inconclusive. You measure serum lutenizing hormone of 0.2 ng/ml (normal for an ovariectomized female is >1 ng/ml). Which of the following is the most appropriate course of action? A - Order MRI of the brain to rule out a pituitary tumor B - Measure serum testosterone levels C - Exploratory laparotomy to remove the ovarian remnant D - Measure serum estrogen and progesterone levels - ✔✔C This is a classic description of ovarian remnant syndrome, which is when a cat goes into estrus after previously having an ovariohysterectomy (OVH). This can occur anywhere from weeks to years after OVH and typically the clinical signs consistent with estrus are sufficient to conclude that the cat is in estrus and has ovarian tissue present. Additional diagnostic tests that are consistent with ovarian remnant syndrome include:
