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A 5 y/o FS Cocker Spaniel is presented with a strange expression. Her right ear and lip appear to droop. There is ptosis OD and the dog is drooling on the exam table. What anatomic structure is damaged? A. Facial nerve B. Left side inner ear C. Trigeminal nerve D. Right side inner ear E. Left side medulla, motor tract - ✔✔A. Facial nerve Which of these is NOT recommended in vaccinating cats due to the risk of vaccine induced sarcomas? A. Reduce frequency of vaccination B. Vaccinate in a distal limb C. Vaccinate intramuscularly D. Use non-adjunvated vaccines when available - ✔✔C. Vaccinate intramuscularly A 3 y/o female Persian cat presents for routine physical exam. The cat seems to be doing well at home and has no clinical signs. Abdominal palpation reveals bilaterally enlarged kidneys. Ultrasound exam shows multiple, large, fluid-filled structures in the parenchyma of the kidneys. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Renal lymphoma B. Hydronephrosis C. Polycystic kidneys D. Amyloidosis - ✔✔C. Polycystic kidneys A 1 y/o female stray DSH cat was presented for pruritus. Your physical exam revealed a generalized miliary dermatitis and dark brown flecks in the fur. Which of the following findings are most consistent with the most likely diagnosis? A. Mites found on skin scraping, peripheral eosinophilia, anemia
B. Mites found on ear swabbing, peripheral eosinophilia, anemia C. Yeast organisms found on impression smear D. Anemia, peripheral eosinophilia, tapeworm infestation - ✔✔D. Anemia, peripheral eosinophilia, tapeworm infestation A 3 - year old male castrated domestic shorthair cat presents for crusting and pruritus around the face, neck, and ears. Which of the following should be least likely on your list of differential diagnoses? A. Notoedres acariasis B. Dermatophytosis C. Arthropod bite hypersensitivity D. Eosinophilic granuloma - ✔✔D. Eosinophilic granuloma An 8 - year old male tomcat presents for having a one week history of progressive lethargy, anorexia, occasional sneezing, conjunctivitis, and nasal discharge. On physical exam you see several ulcerations in the mouth. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Bordetella bronchiseptica B. Foreign body C. Feline herpesvirus D. Feline calicivirus E. Chlamydophila felis - ✔✔D. Feline calicivirus Which of the following is not a treatment for feline hyperthyroidism? A. Methimazole B. Thyroxine C. Radioactive iodine therapy D. Thyroidectomy - ✔✔B. Thyroxine A 5 - year-old cat is being evaluated because of a sudden onset of paralysis of the rear legs. Femoral pulses are absent, and the rear legs are cold and painful. Spinal reflexes of the rear legs are absent. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Aberrant parasitic migration
You are presented with a cat that is coughing at home, and you perform a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or endotracheal wash. Which cell type, when present in BAL or endotracheal wash cytology, is suggestive of feline asthma? A. Eosinophils B. Basophils C. Neutrophils D. Lymphocytes E. Monocytes - ✔✔A. Eosinophils A 7 - year old male castrated cat presents to you for difficulty eating. On examination, you see that there are dental lesions on the buccal surfaces of several premolar and first molar teeth. The cat shows signs of discomfort when you palpate around these teeth and the surrounding gingiva appears inflamed. You suspect that the cat has odontoclastic resorptive lesions. You perform dental radiographs which show evidence of endodontic necrosis. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment recommendation? A. Affected teeth should be extracted and it is likely that other teeth will be affected in the future B. Affected teeth should be extracted and Vitamin D supplementation may reduce the likelihood of development of similar lesions in other teeth C. Administration of an analgesic may provide relief until the lesion spontaneously resolves D. Affected teeth should be treated by removal of the crown and coron - ✔✔A. Affected teeth should be extracted and it is likely that other teeth will be affected in the future A cat presents to you dyspneic and obtunded after falling from a tall tree. On physical examination, he is painful on manipulation of the jaw. You auscult decreased lung sounds dorsally. What should you do first? A. Chest radiograph B. Place the cat in an oxygen cage C. Thoracocentesis D. Skull radiograph - ✔✔C. Thoracocentesis Which of the following conditions frequently results in hypercalcemia in a cat? A. Nutritional secondary
B. hyperparathyroidism C. Ethylene glycol toxicosis D. Administration of a fleet enema to a cat E. Intoxication with cholecalciferol based rodenticide - ✔✔E. Intoxication with cholecalciferol based rodenticide Which choice is not one of the four core feline vaccines? A. Panleukopenia B. Feline calicivirus C. Feline herpesvirus- 1 D. Feline infectious peritonitis E. Feline viral rhinotracheitis - ✔✔D. Feline infectious peritonitis What is a common side effect of xylazine administration in cats? A. Vomiting B. Seizures C. Anuria D. Polycythemia E. Miosis - ✔✔A. Vomiting What is the main mode of transmission for feline leukemia virus? A. Shedding of virus via feces B. Fomite transmission C. Shedding of virus via saliva D. Aerosol transmission - ✔✔C. Shedding of virus via saliva What tumor type is a cat predisposed to developing at vaccination sites? A. Squamous cell carcinoma B. Fibrosarcoma
A. Intestinal adenocarcinoma B. Intestinal lymphosarcoma C. Intestinal parasites D. Intussusception E. A string foreign body - ✔✔E. A string foreign body A 10 - year-old spayed female cat is being evaluated because of weight loss, polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia, and restlessness. Cardiac arrhythmias are noted on auscultation. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Chronic pancreatic insufficiency B. Chronic renal disease C. Congestive cardiomyopathy D. Diabetes mellitus E. Hyperthyroidism - ✔✔E. Hyperthyroidism What is the primary factor associated with pregnancy toxemia in ewes and goats? A. Young age at parturition B. Clostridium perfringens C. Polioencephalomalacia D. Inadequate nutrition E. High sulfur, low thiamine diet - ✔✔D. Inadequate nutrition You perform an abdominal ultrasound to evaluate a Yorkshire Terrier with a suspected liver shunt. After finding the shunt vessel, you complete the ultrasound and find several calculi in the bladder. What is the most likely type of stone? A. Calcium oxalate B. Cysteine C. Urate D. Struvite E. Xanthine - ✔✔C. Urate
This 3 year old Charolais bull weighing 2100 lbs was found at pasture walking in circles. He has been fed silage enriched with 5% dried chicken litter in addition to the winter pasture. He is depressed, anorectic and drooling, with a head tilt to right. The right ear and eyelid both droop. The bull is ataxic with predominantly right sided proprioceptive deficits. A sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) taken at the lumbosacral space has normal color, no turbidity but has an increased mononuclear cell count and an elevated protein concentration. Which one of the following choices is the most likely diagnosis? T = 104.6°F (Normal = 101.5-103.5 F) HR = 46 bpm (Normal = 55-80 bpm) RR = 21 brpm (Normal = 10 - 30 brpm) A. Nervous coccidiosis B. Listeriosis C. Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis D. Rabies E. Otitis media/interna - ✔✔B. Listeriosis A 2 - year old male castrated Border Collie presents for a 1 - week history of small bowel diarrhea. A fecal flotation shows numerous Giardia cysts. What is the treatment of choice for this dog? A. Metronidazole B. Decoquinate C. Albendazole D. Ipronidazole - ✔✔A. Metronidazole (Note - if fenbendazole were given as an option, it would be the best choice over metro) Black walnut toxicity causes what condition in horses? A. Laminitis B. Pulmonary edema C. Colic
Which of these would be appropriate for a horse with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP)? A. Beet molasses B. Brome hay C. Timothy hay D. Alfalfa hay - ✔✔C. Timothy hay A 7-year old male German shepherd is presented with a history of weakness in the hind limbs, urinary incontinence and recent obsessive chewing around his tail area. Dorsiflexion of the tail over the back and extension of the hind limbs elicits a painful response. There is moderate hindlimb ataxia. He does not withdraw each hind leg when a toe is pinched, but bears weight on the hindlimbs. Patellar reflexes are normal. What is the clinical diagnosis? A. Wobbler syndrome B. Diskospondylitis C. Hip dysplasia D. Cauda equina syndrome E. Radiculoneuritis - ✔✔D. Cauda equina syndrome What profile would you expect in a dog with hypervitaminosis D? A. High Ca, Low P B. High Ca, High P C. Low Ca, High P D. Low Ca, Low P - ✔✔A. High Ca, High P What is the earliest stage post-breeding that an experienced practitioner can reliably feel fremitus rectally in the uterine artery of the gravid uterine horn in a pregnant cow? A. 60 - 75 days B. 45 - 60 days C. 70 - 80 days D. 120 - 150 days E. 90 - 120 days - ✔✔E. 90 - 120 days
You need to perform a CBC and take thoracic radiographs on a somewhat fractious cat. You sedate the cat with an intramuscular injection of medetomidine. While on the X-ray table, you become concerned that the cat is not doing well and you decide you want to reverse the effects of medetomidine. What should you give the cat? A. Atipamezole B. Xylazine C. 2 - pralidoxime D. Atropine E. Flumazenil - ✔✔A. Atipamezole A canine coagulation profile indicates increased values for APTT, PT, TT and FDPs. Thrombocytes = 62, per microliter (normally greater than 211,000 per microliter). What is the typical prognosis for a dog with the condition suggested by this pattern? A. Good B. Fair C. Grave D. Excellent E. Need more information - ✔✔C. Grave
- These values are suggestive of DIC --> "Death Is Coming" A 16 - year old budgerigar presents with progressive unilateral paresis of the right leg (see image). There is normal flexion and extension of the hip joint with decreased flexion, extension, and sensation below the knee. The remainder of your skeletal and neurologic examination is unremarkable. Which of the following is most likely in this bird? A. Renal neoplasia B. Botulism C. Marek's disease D. Lead toxicosis E. Intervertebral disc disease - ✔✔A. Renal neoplasia
- Pressure exerted on the sciatic nerve by a renal tumor
D. Lymphosarcoma E. Endometrial hyperplasia - ✔✔A. Uterine leiomyoma After the initial estrous cycle, a 6 - month-old cat has firm enlargement of all mammary glands. Mammary gland hyperplasia is suspected. Which of the following is the most appropriate management? A. Bilateral radical mastectomy B. Estradiol cypionate therapy C. Furosemide therapy D. Megestrol acetate therapy E. Ovariohysterectomy - ✔✔E. Ovariohysterectomy Which of these drugs should not be used in Greyhounds? A. Morphine B. Thiopental C. Propofol D. Ivermectin - ✔✔B. Thiopental
- Barbiturate that redistributes to fat -- therefore greyhounds experience longer recovery times and greater complications A 6 - year old Standardbred jumper is presented with a 3 - month history of poor performance and intermittent shifting hindleg lameness. On physical exam, there is poor muscling of the gluteal muscles and some asymmetry to the croup (rump). The horse has a 7 cm. swelling over the hindquarters on the left dorsal side and shows pain and a reluctance to ventroflex the back when midline pressure is applied. On rectal palpation crepitation and shifting can be felt dorsally as the horse walks slowly forward. What is the diagnosis? A. Croup myopathy (longissimus dorsi, supraspinous ligament) B. Coxofemoral luxation C. Sacroiliac subluxation D. Overlapping vertebral spinous processes E. Fibrotic ossifying myopathy - ✔✔C. Sacroiliac subluxation
A chicken operation has recently been ravaged by a respiratory disease affecting almost all of the chickens in the flock. The chickens are coughing and sneezing and many have facial swelling. You necropsied many of the chickens and found mucoid exudate in the bronchi, thickened air sacs, and in a few of the chickens, interstitial nephritis was present. Which of these diseases is likely? A. Infectious bronchitis B. Infectious bursal disease C. Aspergillus D. Fowl cholera - ✔✔A. Infectious bronchitis Several sheep are sick at a petting-zoo that has cows, horses, pigs, bison and white-tailed deer. One of the deer is also affected. Affected sheep are listless and off-feed, with serous or mucopurulent nasal discharge and rectal temperatures ranging from 105 - 107.5°F (40.5-42°C). Physical exam shows swollen muzzles with edema and congestion of the lips, nose and face with small hemorrhages and ulcers on the mucous membranes. The ulcers appear where the teeth contact the swollen lips and tongue. Two affected sheep are lame. What is the diagnosis? A. Bluetongue B. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) C. Caprine arthritis encephalitis D. Contagious ecthyma (soremouth) E. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) - ✔✔A. Bluetongue A 4-year old male castrated Basenji presents for polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss. Blood work shows P=2.5 (2.9-5.3 mg/dl), K= 3.1 (3.9-5.1 mEq/L), total CO2= 12 (17- 25 mmol/L). The remainder of the blood work is within normal limits. Urinalysis shows 3+ glucose. Which of the following is your most likely differential diagnosis? A. Pyelonephritis B. Pyometra C. Fanconi syndrome D. Diabetes mellitus - ✔✔C. Fanconi syndrome
- Blood glucose was normal, inherited disease in Basenjis Which of the following nerves are targeted with a paravertebral block used to perform a standing laparotomy in a cow?
A 4 - day-old foal is presented with clinical signs of depression, icterus, head pressing, and disorientation. Serum biochemistry reveals increased levels of gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and unconjugated bilirubin. On further questioning, the owner mentions that he gave the foal an oral nutritional supplement when it was a day old but was not sure what was in it. What could this supplement have contained to cause these clinical signs? A. Vitamin E B. Copper C. Iron D. Vitamin A E. Selenium - ✔✔C. Iron What is the most common cause of maxillary sinusitis in a horse, as seen in the necropsy image below? A. Guttural pouch mycosis B. Brachygnathia C. Tooth root abscess D. Dentigerous cyst E. Foreign body - ✔✔C. Tooth root abscess A 6 - year old domestic short hair cat presents for anorexia and lethargy. On physical examination, she has a BCS of 8/9 and has icteric mucous membranes. Bloodwork shows an elevated ALT of 320, ALP of 170, and normal GGT of 3. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Cholangiohepatitis B. Hepatic lipidosis C. Hyperadrenocorticism D. Hepatic neoplasia (adenocarcinoma, lymphoma) - ✔✔B. Hepatic lipidosis A 7 - year old doe presents with abscessation of the supramammary lymph nodes. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. E. coli B. Caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus
C. Mycoplasma mycoides D. Trueperella pyogenes E. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis - ✔✔E. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis What is the neuroanatomic cause of extensor rigidity in the forelimbs of a cat with Schiff-Sherrington syndrome? A. Subdural white matter compression at C6-T B. Brachial plexus trauma C. Damage to thoracic spinocerebellar tracts in superficial white matter D. Polyradiculoneurtitis of peripheral nerve sheaths at cervical intumescence E. Interruption of inhibitory neuron input from lumbar spinal cord - ✔✔E. Interruption of inhibitory neuron input from lumbar spinal cord Foal heat diarrhea is typically associated with which choice? A. Hemorrhagic enteritis B. Neutropenia and fever C. Decreased suckling D. Alterations in diet E. Warm and humid weather - ✔✔D. Alterations in diet The viscera from a group of 100 kg pigs are presented at a slaughter facility. The pigs were raised in a semi-outdoor management farm system with groups of 30-100 kg pigs kept on the same site. At slaughter, multifocal fibrotic lesions are seen in their livers and noticeable nematodes are present within the small intestine. You perform a fecal flotation on a fresh sample from the younger pigs. The results are shown in the image below. What treatment or management recommendation is most appropriate for this problem? A. Depopulate and replace the herd B. Quarterly treatment with praziquantel C. Examine the food sources of the pigs D. Disinfect the pasture E. Monthly administration of ivermectin - ✔✔E. Monthly administration of ivermectin
C. Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae D. Theileriosis E. Babesia bigemina - ✔✔B. Anaplasmosis A 2 - year old female spayed Leonberger presents to you with hair loss around the face and eyes. A deep skin scraping is shown in the picture below. What is your diagnosis? A. Demodex B. Staphylococcus C. Fungal pyoderma D. Otodectes E. Sarcoptes - ✔✔A. Demodex A petting zoo is experiencing a high mortality outbreak among young chickens, guinea fowl, pheasants and turkeys. Affected birds huddle near heat sources. They are off feed and weak, with whitish feces pasted around their vents (diarrhea). On necropsy, lesions include unabsorbed yolk sacs and gray nodules in the liver, spleen, lungs, heart, gizzard, and intestine. There are firm, cheesy cecal cores. This presentation is highly suggestive of which diagnosis? A. Campylobacter jejuni B. Pullorum disease C. Avian spirochetosis D. Histomoniasis E. Coronaviral enteritis - ✔✔B. Pullorum disease You have diagnosed nitrate poisoning in a group of yearling cattle which were grazing Sudan grass (see photo). Which of the following is the most effective treatment? A. Sodium thiosulfate B. Digitalis C. Vitamin B D. Calcium gluconate E. Methylene blue - ✔✔E. Methylene blue
A 6 year old female spayed golden retriever is presented for acute onset of flaccid jaw paralysis. The dog is unable to close her mouth, has difficulty eating and is drooling. There is no history of trauma. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Masticatory myositis B. Facial nerve paralysis C. Trigeminal neuritis D. Myasthenia gravis E. Meningoencephalitis - ✔✔C. Trigeminal neuritis A 6 - year old male neutered terrier mix weighing 10kg presents to you after having ingested 3 pieces of sugar-free gum containing xylitol. What bloodwork abnormality are you expecting to find? A. Hypoglycemia B. Hyperglycemia C. Hypernatremia D. Hyponatremia E. Hypocalcemia - ✔✔A. Hypoglycemia Which one of the following is the most common cause of dystocia in cattle? A. Uterine inertia B. Fetal monsters C. Maternal birth canal abnormalities D. Abnormal fetal presentation, position, and/or posture E. Fetopelvic disproportion - ✔✔E. Fetopelvic disproportion A 5 - year-old female spayed Australian shepherd is presented for poor appetite and lethargy. Bloodwork reveals hypercalcemia. Urinalysis is normal. Abdominal ultrasonography is unremarkable. Which one of the following choices is the most likely diagnosis? A. Mediastinal lymphosarcoma B. Hypertrophic osteopathy C. Metastatic lung disease
