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NBME Anatomy/Embryology study set
2025 /2026 Rated A+.
Lumbar puncture and epidural anesthesia - correct answer The needle enters the subarachnoid space to extract cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or to inject anesthetic to epidural space (not as deep into the spinal cord). Needle is usually btw L3/4 or L4/5- thru the upper points of the iliac crests. In children the spinal cord ends at L3. The dural sac extends to the level of S2. Herniated disc - correct answer Normally happens in the lumbar or cervical regions of individuals younger than age 50 (the lower regions of those 2 areas). Patients have a history of back pain that radiates to the lower limb- begins soon after heavy lifting. The disc will compress the nerve root 1 number below the disc. The lower limb reflexes are decreased on the affected side. Patellar tendon reflex - correct answer Herniation of discs L2/3 or L3/4. Achilles tendon reflex - correct answer Herniation of discs L5/S1. Anulus fibrosus - correct answer The tough cartilagenous ring (fibrocartilage) surrounding the nucleus pulposus that's supposed to stop it from herniating backwards. Nucleus pulposus - correct answer In the middle of the intervertebral discs. The remnant of the notochord that is used to absorb the shock of compression or torsion. Can be herniated out of place. Kyphosis - correct answer Exaggerated curve of the thoracic spine that may occur in elderly persons as a result of osteoporosis. Presents as rounded shoulders/a back hump. Lordosis - correct answer An exaggeration of the lumbar curvature that may be temporary and occurs as a result of pregnancy, spondylolisthesis or potbelly. Presents as a very curved in lower back. Scoliosis - correct answer A complex lateral deviation or torsion of the spine that is caused by poliomyelitis, a leg-length discrepancy or hip disease. The spine is unnaturally curved.
Fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus... - correct answer Could hurt the axillary nerve and posterior humeral circumflex artery, both of wrap around the neck. Fracture of the midshaft of the humerus... - correct answer Affect the origin of the brachialis muscle and can also hurt the radial nerve and profunda brachii artery. Fracture of the supracondylar part of the humerus... - correct answer Could hurt the brachial artery and median nerve. Fracture of the medial epicondyle of the humerus... - correct answer Could hurt the ulnar nerve, which runs right through that area. Smith's fracture - correct answer Results from a fall or a low on the dorsal aspect of the flexed wrist and produces a ventral angulation of the wrist. The distal fragments of the radius are anteriorly displaced- the wrist part has moved down and the radius has moved upwards. Colle's fracture - correct answer Results from forced extension of the hand, usually as a result of trying to ease a fall by outstretching the upper limb. Distal fragment of the wrist is displaced dorsally- dinner fork deformity. The wrist part moves towards the dorsal side and the radius moves towards the ventral side. Often the ulnar styloid process is avulced/broken off. Scaphoid fracture - correct answer Occurs as a result of a fall onto the palm when the hand is abducted. Pain occurs primarily on the lateral side of the wrist (anatomical position), especially during wrist extension and abduction. May not show right away on a X-ray, but there will be deep tenderness in the anatomical snuffbox. The proximal fragment may undergo avascular necrosis because blood supply is interrupted- the radial artery. Boxer's fracture - correct answer Necks of the metacarpal bones are frequently fractured during fistfights. Metacarpals 2/3 in professional fighters and metacarpals 4/5 in unskilled fighters. Mallet or baseball finger - correct answer This deformity is when the distal inter-phalange joint is suddenly forced into extreme flexion (hyperflexion)- curls upwards to far. Happens when a finger is jammed into the base pad in baseball. These actions avulse the attachment of the extensor digitorum tendon to the base of the distal phalanx. The person cannot extends the DIP joint.
Cubital fossa - correct answer The area on the ventral side of the elbow region. Contents from lateral to medial- biceps brachii tendon, brachial artery and median nerve. Subcutaneous structures from lateral to medial- cephalic vein, median cubital vein and the basilic vein. Median cubital vein - correct answer Within the cubital fossa. Joins together the cephalic and basilic veins. The usual site of venipuncture because it overlies the bicipital aponeurosis, so the deep structures are protected. Also not accompanied by nerves. Carpal tunnel syndrome - correct answer Results from a lesion or inflammation that reduces the size of the carpal tunnel- can also be from the dislocation of the lunate bone. The median nerve is the sensitive structure in the carpal tunnel that is most affected. Clinical manifestations are pins/needles or anesthesia of the lateral 3.5 digits. Palm sensation is not affected because the superficial palmar branch passes superficially to the carpal tunnel. Ape hand deformity - correct answer An injury to the median nerve either at the elbow or the wrist. The thumb cannot be abducted, and opposition is not possible. Opposition is where you can touch the tips of your fingers to the tip of your thumb. Testing the flexor digitorum superficialis - correct answer The ability of the fingers to bend at the proximal interphalangic joint- close to the metacarpals. Testing the flexor digitorum profundus - correct answer The ability of the fingers to bend at the distal interphalangic joint. Move just the tip of the finger. Lesion of the upper brachial plexus - correct answer Injury to the upper roots and trunk. Usually results from excessive increase in the angle btw the neck and the shoulder- C5 and C6 roots are especially injured. May occur as birth injury from forceful pulling on infant's head during difficult delivery. Get Erb- duchenne's palsy from this. Erb-Duchenne palsy - correct answer A result of upper brachial plexus injury. Paralysis of the muscles of the shoulder and arm supplied by C5 and C6 spinal nerves- the axillary, suprascapular and musculocutaneous nerves are injured which results in loss of shoulder and anterior arm movement. Waiter's tip hand- adducted shoulder, medially rotated arm, extended elbow and loss of sensation in the lateral aspect of the upper limb.
Lower brachial plexus injury - correct answer Injury of lower roots and trunk of the brachial plexus. May occur when the limb is suddenly pulled superiorly- especially roots C8 and T1. Can happen when grabbing support during falling from height or as a birth injury or thoracic outlet syndrome. Results in Klumpke's paralysis. Klumpke's paralysis - correct answer Results from a lower root brachial plexus injury. All intrinsic muscles of the hand supplied by C8 and T1 are affected. Combination lesions of ulnar and median nerve results in claw and ape hand respectively. Get loss of sensation in the medial aspect of the upper limb and medial 1,5 fingers. May include Horner syndrome (hurts the sympathetic trunk?). Dorsal scapular nerve - correct answer Innervates rhomboid major, minor and levator scapulae. Long thoracic nerve - correct answer Innervates serratus anterior. Suprascapular nerve - correct answer Innervates supera and infraspinatus. Lateral pectoral nerve - correct answer Innervates pectoral major. Musculocutaneous nerve - correct answer Innervates the biceps, brachialis and coracobrachialis. Thoracodorsal nerve - correct answer Innervates latissimus dorsi. Upper subscapular nerve - correct answer Innervates subscapularis. Lower subscapular nerve - correct answer Innervates subscapularis and teres major. Axillary nerve - correct answer Innervates teres minor and deltoid. Radial nerve - correct answer Innervates the extensors of the arm and forearm.
Injury to the sciatic nerve - correct answer Weakened hip extension and knee flexion, footdrop (lack of dorsiflexion), and flail foot (lack of both dorsiflexion and plantar flexion). The cause of the injury normally is improperly placed gluteal injections but may result from posterior hip dislocation. Posterior hip dislocations - correct answer Most common. A head-on collision that causes the knee to strike the dashboard may dislocate the hip when the femoral head is forced out of the acetabulum. The joint capsule ruptures inferiorly and posteriorly (fracture of the ishium), allowing the femoral head to pass thru the tear in the capsule (ishiofemoral ligament) and onto the lateral surface of the ilium, shortening and medially rotating the limb. Superior gluteal neve injury - correct answer May be injured during surgery, posterior dislocation of the lip or poliomyelitis. Results in paralysis of the gluteus medius and minimus muscles so the ability to pull the pelvis up and abduction of the thigh are lost. Results in the Trendelenburg sign. Trendelenburg sign - correct answer Results from injury to the superior gluteal nerve. If it's injured on the right side, the left pelvis falls downward when the patient raises the left foot off the ground- contralateral to the nerve injury. Injury to inferior gluteal nerve - correct answer Weakened hip extension (gluteus maximus), most noticeable when climbing stairs or standing from a seated position. Cause of injury is normally from posterior hip dislocation or surgery in this region. Injury of the obturator nerve - correct answer Difficulty adducting the thigh- crossing the legs while sitting. Decreased sensation over upper medial thigh. Cause of injury is anterior hip dislocation or radical retropubic prostatectomia. Avulsion fractures of hip bone and hamstring muscles - correct answer Avulsion fractures occur where muscles are attaches- ischial tuberosities. They muscles pull on the bone until part of it breaks- common in runners. The muscles are the biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus. They extend the hip joint and flex the knee. Supplied by the tibial nerve, though the short head of the biceps femoris is the common fibular nerve. Structures under the inguinal ligament - correct answer From lateral to medial side- iliopsoas muscle, femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein and femoral canal.
Femoral hernia - correct answer Passes below the inguinal ligament thru the femoral ring into the femoral canal to form a swelling in the upper thigh inferior and lateral to the pubic tubercle. May protrude thru the saphenous hiatus into the superficial fascia. Occurs more in females and is dangerous because the sac may become strangulated. The aberrant obturator artery is vulnerable during surgical repair. Knee joint injuries- unhappy triad - correct answer The lateral side of the knee is struck more often (football tackle), the tibial collateral ligament is the most frequently torn ligament at the knee. The unhappy triad is the tibial collateral ligament (MCL), medial meniscus and the anterior cruciate ligament. Tibial collateral ligament - correct answer The medial collateral ligament. Broad, flat band extending from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial condyle and shaft of the tibia. Blends with the capsule and firmly attaches to the medial meniscus. Limits extension and abduction of the leg at the knee. Fibular collateral ligament - correct answer Lateral collateral ligament. Rounded cord btw the lateral epicondyle of the femur and head of the fibula. Does NOT blend with joint capsule and does NOT attach to lateral meniscus. Limits extension and adduction of the leg at the knee. Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament - correct answer The tibia can be pulled forward excessively on the femur, exhibiting anterior drawer sign (the lower leg is pulled toward someone). The ACL prevents the femur from sliding posteriorly on the tibia and hyperextension of the knee and limits medial rotation of the femur. Rupture of the posterior cruciate ligament - correct answer Less common than ACL rupture. The tibia can be pushed backwards excessively on the femur, exhibiting posterior drawer sign (where someone pushes the lower leg back towards the butt/body). The PCL prevents the femur from sliding anteriorly on the tibia, particularly when the knee is flexed. Prepatellar bursa - correct answer Btw the superficial surface of the patella and skin. May become inflamed and swollen. Suprapatellar bursa - correct answer An extension of the synovial cavity btw the distal end of the femur and the quadriceps muscle/tendon- kind of anterior/posterior to the patella. Usual place for intra- articular injections. May become inflamed and swollen.
Popliteal fossa - correct answer Contains from superficial to deep, tibial nerve, popliteal vein and popliteal artery. Medial plantar nerve - correct answer A terminal branch of the tibial nerve. Supplies the abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, flexor digitorum brevis and 1st lumbrical muscles, and the skin of the medial 3.5 digits. Lateral plantar nerve - correct answer A terminal branch of the tibial nerve. All intrinsic plantar muscles which aren't innervated by medial plantar nerve, and the skin of the lateral 1.5 digits. Muscles include- adductor hallucis, all plantar interossei, 3 lateral lumbricals, flexor digiti minimi brevis, abductor digiti minimi and the quadratus plantae. Carcinoma of the breast - correct answer Malignant tumors, usually adenocarcinomas arising from the epithelial cells of the lactiferous ducts in the mammary gland lobules. It enlarges, attaches to suspensory (Cooper's) ligaments and produces shortening of the ligaments, causing depressions or dimpling of the overlying skin. Lymphatic drainage of the breast - correct answer Important in its role in the metastasis of cancer cells. Most lymph (75%) especially from the lateral breast quadrants drains to the axillary lymph nodes, initially to the anterior/pectoral nodes. Most of the remaining lymph drains (from the medial breast) to the parasternal lymph node or to the opposite branch. Mastectomy - correct answer Removal of the breast, pectoral muscles, fat, fascia and as many of the lymph nodes as is possible in the axilla and pectoral regions. Long thoracic nerve and intercostobrachial nerve may be lesioned. Lesion of the long thoracic nerve - correct answer Winged scapulae occurs along with a weakness in abduction of the arm above 90%. Serratus anterior is paralyzed. Intercostobrachial nerve lesion - correct answer May be damaged during a mastectomy. Results in skin deficit of the medial arm. Breast infection/mastitis - correct answer Infection of the tissue of the breast that occurs most frequently during the time of breastfeeding (1-3 months after delivery). Causes pain, swelling, redness and increased temp of the breast. Can occur when bacteria, often from the baby's mouth enters into a
milk duct thru the nipple. Normally in women who haven't delivered recently or in women after menopause. Intercostal spaces - correct answer Intercostal blood vessels and nerves run btw the internal intercosatal and innermost intercostal muscles in the costal groove. Arranged from superior to inferior as vein, artery and nerve. The most vulnerable structures are the intercostal nerve and posterior intercostal artery because they aren't covered by ribs. Paralysis of half the diaphragm - correct answer May result from injury or operative division of the phrenic nerve of the same side. It can be detected radiologically. The dome of the diaphragm of the injured side is actually pushed superiorly by abdominal viscera during inspiration instead of descending- paradoxical/opposite normal. Phrenic nerve - correct answer Comes from C3-5 and lies in front of the anterior scalene muscle. Runs anterior to the root of the lung, whereas the vagus nerve runs posterior to the root of the lung. Innervates the fibrous pericardium, the mediastinal and diaphragmatic pleurae (sensory) and the diaphragm for motor and its central tendon for sense. Diaphragmatic ruptures - correct answer Injuries to the diaphragm are relatively rare and result from either blunt trauma or penetrating trauma. 80-90% of blunt diaphragmatic ruptures result from motor vehicle crashes, and the majority happen on the left side. Blunt trauma typically produces large radial tears measuring 5-15 cm, most often at the posterolateral aspect of the diaphragm- allows the intestines to enter into the thoracic cavity. Caval opening - correct answer In the diaphragm at T8. Transmits the IVC and the terminal branches of the right phrenic nerve. Esophageal opening - correct answer In the diaphragm at T10. Transmits the esophagus, right and left vagus nerves, esophageal branches of the left gastric vessels. Aortic opening. - correct answer In the diaphragm at level T12. Transmits the descending aorta, thoracic duct and azygous veins.
Left coronary artery - correct answer Branches are the anterior (descending) interventricular artery (anterior heart wall, anterior 2/3 of the IV septum, bundle of His and the apex of the heart), circumflex artery (winds around the left margin of the heart in the atrioventricular groove to anatomose with the right coronary artery- supplies the left atrium and ventricle). SA node blood supply - correct answer Nodal branch of the right coronary artery. AV node blood supply - correct answer Nodal branch of the right coronary artery. AV bundle and moderator band blood supply - correct answer Anterior interventricular artery from the left coronary artery. Atrial septal defect (ASD) - correct answer Less frequent than VSD. It results from failure to close the foramen ovale after birth (failure of the septum primum and septum secundum to fuse. Result in left to right shunting between the right and left atrium, and are non-syanotic conditions. If it's small, has no clinical significance and if it's large then need surgery. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) - correct answer Most common of the congenital heart defects. An abnormal opening in the membranous wall btw the 2 ventricles- results in a failure to fuse of the membranous portion with the muscular portion of the ventricular septum. Have a left-to-right shunt with right ventricular hypertrophy and is again non-cyanotic. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) - correct answer Results from failure of the ductus arteriosus to constrict and close after birth. Prostaglandin E and low O2 tension sustain patency of the ductus arteriosus in the fetal period. Common in premature infants and in cases of maternal rubella infection. When the aorta/oxygenated blood mixes with the blood from the pulmonary artery/unoxygenated. Left-to-right shunt increased pressure in pulmonary circulation (pulmonary hypertension) and is non-cyanotic. Treat by surgical division and ligation- the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is in danger (hoarseness if damaged). Ductus arteriosus - correct answer A connection btw the pulmonary trunk and the aorta- used in embryonic development, but needs to close after birth. Aneurysm of the aortic arch - correct answer Compresses the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, leading to coughing, hoarseness and paralysis of the vocal cord. It may cause dysphagia resulting from pressure on
the esophagus and dyspnea (difficult in breathing) resulting from pressure on the trachea, root of the lung or phrenic nerve. Aneurysm of the thoracic aorta - correct answer May compress and tug on the trachea with each cardiac systole so that the aneurysm can be felt by palpating the trachea at the sternal notch (T2). Abdominal aortic aneurysm - correct answer A localized dilation of the aorta that typically happens just above the bifurcation at the level L4 and crossed by 3rd part of the duodenum. Pulsations of a large aneurysm can be detected to the left of the midline at the umbilical region. Acute rupture of this is associated with severe pain in the abs or back (90% mortality). Surgeons can repair aneurysm by opening it and inserting a prosthetic graft. Coarctation of the aorta - correct answer Results from congenital narrowing of the aorta distal to the offshoot of the left subclavian artery. Clinical sign is higher blood pressure in the upper limbs compared to the lower limbs- high BP before the coarctation and low BP beyond point of coarctation. Results in the intercostal arteries providing collateral circulation btw the internal thoracic artery and thoracic aorta to provide blood to lower parts. In X-rays, will appear as a serrated appearance of inferior borders of the ribs (rib notching). Aspirations of foreign bodies - correct answer Inhaling foreign bodies into the lower respiratory tract- common, especially in children. More likely to enter the right bronchus and pass into the middle or lower lobe bronchi. 10 bronchopulmonary segments of right lung - correct answer Superior lobe: apical, anterior and posterior. Middle lobe: lateral and medial. Inferior lobe: superior, anterior basal, posterior basal, lateral basal and medial basal. 9 bronchopulmonary segments of the left lung - correct answer Superior lobe: apicoposterior, anterior, superior lingular and inferior lingular. Inferior lobe: superior, anterior basal, posterior basal, lateral basal and medial basal. Pneumonia - correct answer An inflammation of the lung, caused by an infection or chemical injury to the lungs. 3 common causes are bacteria, viruses and fungi. Symptoms include cough, chest pain, fever and difficult in breathing. Chest X-rays show areas of opacity of the lung parenchyma and enlargement of bronchomediastinal lymph nodes (mediastinal widening).
Parietal pleura - correct answer Sensative to general sensibilities- pain, temp, touch and pressure. Somatic sensory innervation. Has 3 parts- costal, mediastinal and diaphragmatic pleura. Costal pleura - correct answer Part of parietal pleura. Innervated by intercostal nerves. Block may be used to decrease thoracic pain. Mediastinal pleura - correct answer Part of parietal pleura. Innervated by the phrenic nerve. Diaphragmatic pleura - correct answer Part of parietal pleura. Innervated by the phrenic nerve over the domes and the lower 6 intercostal nerves around the periphery. Visceral pleura - correct answer Sensitive to stretch but insensitive to general sensibilities- autonomic nerve supply from the pulmonary plexus. Superior mediastinum - correct answer Includes the left brachiocephalic vein and the aortic arch. Improperly done sternal puncture may affect structures related to the posterior surface of the manubrium sternum. Thoracic duct - correct answer Conveys to the blood all lymph from the lower limbs, pelvic cavity, ab cavity, left side of the thorax, left side of the head and neck and left upper limb (3/4 of the body). Tributaries at the root of the neck include left jugular lymph trunk, left subclavian lymph trunk and left bronchomediastinal lymph trunk. Common sites of esophageal carcinoma/where foreign bodies lodge - correct answer C6- where the pharynx joins the upper end of the esophagus. T4/5- where the aortic arch and left main bronchus cross its anterior surface. T 10- where it passes thru the diaphragm into the stomach. Anterior ab structures - correct answer The liver and gallbladder are in the right upper quadrant. The stomach and spleen are in the left upper quadrant. The cecum and appendix are in the right lower quadrant and the end of the descending colon and sigmoid colon are in the left lower quadrant. Referred ab pain - correct answer Pain arising out of the gut that presents on the external body parts. Pain from the foregut is referred to as the epigastric region. Pain from the midgut is referred to as the
umbilical region, and pain arising out of the hindgut is referred to as the hypogastric region. All are right down the center of the body. Nerve supply to anterior ab wall - correct answer 7 nerves- 5 intercostals, 1 subcostal (T 12) and L (iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal) supply the ant ab wall. L1 can be anaesthetized by injecting 1 inch superior to the anterior superior iliac spine. All nerves and deep blood vessels lies in the neurovascular plane- btw internal oblique and transversus muscles. Atrial supply of the ant ab wall - correct answer Supply the skin- superficial epigastric and superficial circumflex iliac. Deep arteries- lie in the neurovascular plan- superior epigastric, posterior intercostals, lumbar, deep circumflex iliac and inferior epigastric. 3 parts of a hernia - correct answer Hernial sac- pouch/diverticulum of peritoneum and has a neck and a body. Hernial contents- consists of any structure found in the ab cavity (loops of SI and pieces of omentum major). Hernial coverings- formed from the layers of the ab wall thru which the hernial sac passes. 1st structure which is crossed by an ab hernia... - correct answer Transversalis fascia. External spermatic fascia derives from... - correct answer External oblique. Cremaster muscle derives from... - correct answer Internal oblique. Internal spermatic fascia derives from... - correct answer Transvresalis fascia. Indirect inguinal hernia - correct answer Most common form of hernia and is believed to be congenital in origin (boys 0-3). Passes thru the deep inguinal ring and descends into the scrotum. 20 time more common in males and nearly 1/3 are bilateral. More common on the right. Direct inguinal hernia - correct answer The ab contents will protrude thru the weak area of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal medial to the inferior epigastric vessels in the inguinal (Hesselbach's triangle) and after that thru the superficial inguinal ring. Never gets to the scrotum. It is a disease of old men with weak ab muscles. Rare in women.
Innervation to the midgut - correct answer Parasympathetic is vagus and sympathetic is lesser splanchnic- T10-11. Blood supply to the hindgut - correct answer Inferior mesenteric artery- left colic, sigmoid and superior rectal. Innervation to the hindgut - correct answer Parasympathetic is the pelvic splanchnic nerves, S2/3. Sympathetic is the lumbar splanchnic, L1/2. Posterior gastric ulcer - correct answer May erode thru the posterior wall of the stomach into the omental bursa (lesser peritoneal sac) and affect the pancreas, resulting in referred pain to the back. Erosion of the splenic artery is very common- close proximity. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia - correct answer Hernia of the stomach or intestine thru a posterolateral defect in the diaphragm. Is seen in infants and the mortality rate is high because of left lung hypoplasia (underdevelopment). Sliding hiatal hernia - correct answer If it occurs in people past middle age, it's caused by the hernia of cardia of the stomach into the thorax thru the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. Can damage the vagal trunks as they pass thru the hiatus and resulting in hyposecretion of gastric juice. Meckel's diverticulum - correct answer A congenital anomaly representing a persistent portion of the vitellointestinal duct (umbilical cord). Often is asymptomatic but occasionally becomes inflamed it if contains ectopic gastric, pancreatic or endometrial tissue, which may produce an ulceration. Located on the ileum before the ileocecal junction and the SMA supplies it. Important because of diverticulitis (pouches in the wall of the colon), liberation, bleeding, perforation and obstructuion- require surgical intervention and frequently mimic the symptoms of acute appendicitis. Can result in urine thru the belly button. Features of the LI - correct answer Epiploic appendages (fat pouches), haustrations/sacculations, taeniae coli- longitudinal muscle that meet together at the base of the appendix where they form a complete muscle coat for the appendix.
Colon - correct answer The ascending colon lies retroperitoneally and lacks a mesentery. Is continuous with the transverse colon at the right flexure. The transverse colon has its own mesentery called the transverse mesocolon and becomes continuous with the descending colon at the left flexure. The sigmoid colon is suspended by the sigmoid mesocolon. Pain of appendicitis - correct answer First pain is referred around the umbilicus. Visceral pain in the appendix is produced by distention of its lumen or spasm of its muscle. The afferent pain fibers enter the spinal cord at the level of T10 segment and a vague referred pain is felt in the region of the umbilicus. If parietal peritoneum gets involved then the pain shifts laterally to the McBurney's point- the point is then precise, severe and localized. McBurney's point - correct answer The point indicates the surface marking the base of the appendix. It is a point at the junction btw the lateral 1/3 and medial 2/3 of a line joining the right anterior superior iliac spine with the umbilicus. Btw the edge of the hip bone and the belly button. Volvulus - correct answer The jejunum, ileum and sigmoid colon sometimes rotate around their mesenteries and can result in avascular necrosis. May correct itself spontaneously or the rotation may continue until the blood supply of the gut is cut off completely- tissue death. Hirschsprung's disease - correct answer A rare congenital abnormality that results in intestinal obstruction (megacolon) because of congenital absents of postganglionic parasympathetic neurons inside of the walls of large intestines. Commonly found in children with down syndrome. Chief signs are failure to pass a meconium stool within 24/48 hours after birth, reluctance to eat, bile-stained vomiting and ab distention. Treatment is removal of the aganglionic portion of the colon. Branches of ab aorta - correct answer Celiac trunk- T12. SMA- L1. Renal arteries- L2. IMA- L3. Common iliac arteries- the terminal branches of the aorta that bifurcate at L4. Celiac artery/trunk - correct answer Origin at T12, just below the aortic opening of the diaphragm. Passes above the pancreas and then splits into the left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries. Left gastric artery - correct answer From the celiac trunk. Courses upward to the left to reach the lesser curvature of the stomach and may be subject to erosion by a penetrating ulcer of the stomach. Branches include esophageal branches and gastric branches- eventually anastomose with the right gastric artery.
