Download Neurobiology 101: Understanding the Functioning of the Nervous System and more Quizzes Human Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
Sensory Neurons
(affectors) Receive stimulus. Convert external stimuli from environment to internal stimuli TERM 2
Interneuron
DEFINITION 2 An interneuron is a neuron that forms a connection between other neurons. Spinal chord and brain-- processors TERM 3
Motor
Neuron
DEFINITION 3 (effectors) deliver response. Are neurons in the central nervous system TERM 4
Neuron
DEFINITION 4 A neuron is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling. Composed of cell body, dendrites, axon, (axon endings) TERM 5
Resting Membrane Potential
DEFINITION 5 (polarized) voltage difference across the membrane. more positive outside than inside. (more Na+ outside)
action potential
(depolarization) happens when an axon is stimulated. The sodium gates then open and sodium enters the axon. Inside becomes more positive (upsets polarization and creates an electrical current) TERM 7
repolarization
DEFINITION 7 sodium gates close and potassium gates open, letting K+ out of the axon TERM 8
refractory period
DEFINITION 8 the time it takes for the resting membrane potential to be restored. more sodium on the outside than inside, done by pumps TERM 9
inability to repolarize...
DEFINITION 9 means the neurons can't fire again and leads to muscle cramps (including the heart) TERM 10
synapse
DEFINITION 10 gap that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell/ neuron. (neurons don't touch)
epinephrine
prepare the body to respond to stress or excitement TERM 17
dopamine
DEFINITION 17 fine motor coordination, influences in learning TERM 18
serotonin
DEFINITION 18 emotional states, sleeping, sensory perception, body tempsome drugs elevate a depressed persons mood by blocking the reuptake of serotonin (serotonin neurotransmitters left in the synapse) TERM 19
Afferent Neurons
DEFINITION 19 information to nervous system TERM 20
efferent neurons
DEFINITION 20 information from central nervous system
somatic neuron
skeletal muscle under our conscious control TERM 22
automatic neurons
DEFINITION 22 smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands (not under conscious control)includes both the sympathetic (fight or flight) and para sympathetic (day to day functions) TERM 23
myelin sheath
DEFINITION 23 covering of the axon that allows the action potentials to move faster than they would otherwise (by jumping from gap to gap in axon between sheath, called saltatory conduction)demyelination: multiplesclerosisslows transmission of action potentials TERM 24
reflex arc
DEFINITION 24 involves sensory and motor neurons for automatic response to stimulus. simplest is only sensory and motor neurons, most involveinterneuronsas well TERM 25
central nervous system
DEFINITION 25 brain and spinal chord. contains all the interneurons
medulla oblongata
contains reflex centers for tasks such asrespirationand blood circulation TERM 32
cerebellum
DEFINITION 32 integrates signals from the eyes, inner ears and muscles with motor signals (coordinate movement/ balance/ dexterity) TERM 33
pons
DEFINITION 33 signal traffic between cerebellum and higher integrating centers of the forebrain (bridge) TERM 34
midbrain
DEFINITION 34 coordinates reflex responses to sights and sounds TERM 35
forebrain
DEFINITION 35 cerebrum, olfactory bulbs, thalamus and hypothalamus
cerebrum
information process adn motor response integrates TERM 37
Physiology of Alcoholism
DEFINITION 37 alcohol stimulates the release of dopamineResult=strong craving for repeating the sensation (reward, pleasure)Chronic use of alcohol creates a Dopamine shortage (withdrawal)This promotes excessive consumption from negative reinforcement Heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, and nicotine mimic dopamine and thus affect the pathway directly.
