Short Answers:
Q1) Briefly explain the network management areas defined by ISO standard.
1. Performance management: Quantify, measure, report, analyze, and control
performance (e.g. utilization, throughput)
2. Fault Management: Log, detect, and respond to fault conditions (e.g. link failure)
3. Configuration Management: Track which device are in the networks + hardware and
software of these devices.
4. Accounting Management: Specify, log, and control access to network resources (e.g.
quota, user-based charging, allocation of resource-access privileges)
5. Security management: control access to network resources according to well defined
policies (e.g. use of firewall)
Q2) Give three advantages of HTTP streaming over UDP streaming. You should be as clear as
possible.
1. Larger playout delays smooth TCP delivery rate.
2. HTTP/TCP passes more easily through firewall.
3. HTTP uses TCP since it employs congestion error control.
Q3) Protocols define format, order of messages sent and received among network entities,
and action taken on message transmission and receipt.
Q4) Which of the following is not a method for implementing circuit switching? Packet
switching and division multiplex.
Q5) List and explain 2 functionalities of supper nodes.
1 join skype network by contacting the super node using tcp
2. The clients obtains the ip address of the callee from the super node
Q6) List 3 approaches VoIP
1. Simple FEC: it works by creating a redundant chunk by exclusive OR-ing n original
chunks for every group of n chunks this way it can reconstruct original n chunks if at
most one lost chunk from n+1 chunks with playout delay
2. Piggyback lower quality stream: it sends lower resolution audio stream as
redundant information. In this way the receiver can conceal non-consecutive loss.
3. Interleaving to conceal lost: audio chunk divided into smaller units then a packet
contains small units from different chunks if a packet is lost still the receiver will have
most of every original chunk
Q7)PIM dense and sparse
PIM Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) explicitly builds unidirectional shared trees rooted at
a rendezvous point (RP) per group, and optionally creates shortest-path trees per
source. PIM-SM generally scales fairly well for wide-area usage.
PIM Dense Mode (PIM-DM) uses dense multicast routing. It implicitly builds shortest-
path trees by flooding multicast traffic domain wide, and then pruning back branches
of the tree where no receivers are present. PIM-DM is straightforward to implement
but generally has poor scaling properties. The first multicast routing
protocol, DVMRP used dense-mode multicast routing.[3] See the PIM Internet
Standard RFC 3973.
