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PTRS 855 Module 12 (Neurological Pharmacology) Questions With Complete Solutions Parkinson's disease Disease that requires drugs in order to increase dopamine levels in the basal ganglia Carbidopa, Sinemet For the treatment of Parkinson's disease, levodopa is usually paired with? to prevent the conversion of levodopa until it reaches the brain; this drug combination is known by the trade name? Dyskinesias (treated with apomorphine) Most difficult symptom of levodopa Etilevodopa, melevodopa Methyl and ethyl-esterified forms of levodopa that should allow the drug to cross the BBB before being broken down Amantadine Drug for Parkinson's that is usually given along with levodopa to facilitate the release of endogenous dopamine Anticholinergic drugs
Drugs that decrease acetylcholine levels to balance the dopamine/acetylcholine ratio in an attempt to reduce symptoms such as tremors and rigidity Trihexyphenidyl, benzotropine Two generic drug names for anticholinergic drugs Anticholinergic drugs Side effects for this type of drugs include:
- Memory impairment
- Hallucinations
- Dry mouth
- Constipation
- Urinary retention Antioxidants Type of drugs used to treat Parkinson's that lower the body's concentration of free radicals; may slow the progression of the disease rather than just treating symptoms Selegiline, rasagiline Two generic drug names for antioxidant drugs GM-1 ganglioside Drug for Parkinson's that is made of a component of the neuronal membrane that helps maintain membrane integrity which allows the drug to prevent neuronal damage
Generic names for this type of drug end in "-zepam" (clonazepam, etc.), except for estazolam Pregabalin Epilepsy drug that is a newer form of barbiturate that chemically looks like GABA but binds to the calcium channel rather than the GABA receptor (inhibits calcium, and thus neurotransmitter, release) Hydantoins Type of epilepsy drugs that interfere with the movement of sodium across the membrane and thus stabilize neuron membranes Phenytoin Primary hydantoin that is currently used to treat epilepsy; non- sedative unlike barbiturates and benzodiazepines Hydantoins Side effects of this type of epilepsy drug include:
- Dizziness
- Drowsiness
- Uncoordinated movement
- Blurred vision
- Anemia
- Water retention
- Cardiac arrhythmias
- Congestive heart failure Carbamazepine Epilepsy drug that acts on sodium channels of presynaptic neurons Vigabatrin Epilepsy drug that (like benzodiazepines) enhances the natural effects of GABA; best used to treat partial seizures Ethosuximide Epilepsy drug that acts on calcium channels and the Na/K ATPase; best used to treat absence seizures Valproic acid Epilepsy drug that is a free fatty acid that blocks high frequency brain activity without producing sedative effects; best used to treat absence and generalized tonic-clonic seizures Interferon-based drugs Type of MS drugs that slow progression of the disease Mitoxantrone Immunosuppressing MS drug that is prescribed for relapsing- remitting MS that's getting progressively worse ( secondary- progressive MS ); more effective than interferon-based drugs at
Amitriptyline and nortriptyline are generic names for? Benzodiazepines Type of drug used to treat insomnia that is addictive and has a strong sedative effect throughout the day Barbiturates Type of drug used to treat insomnia that has a small therapeutic index and is addictive Nonbenzodiazepines Type of drug used to treat insomnia that help improve sleep without the dangerous side effects associated with barbiturates and benzodiazepines since they act on a specific part of the GABA receptor rather than the whole thing Nonbenzodiazepines Zolpidem, zaleplon, and eszoplicone are generic names of? Ramelteon Drug used to treat insomnia that does not affect the GABA receptor; similar to melatonin Traditional antipsychotic drugs Type of antipsychotic drugs that inhibit a subtype of the dopamine receptor, the D2 receptor located in the limbic system; causes severe side effects due to nonspecific binding to other dopamine receptors
Traditional antipsychotic drugs Half of the generic drug names for this type of drug end in "- zine" (fluphenazine, etc.), and others include haloperidol, loxapine, molindone, and thiothixene Atypical antipsychotic drugs Type of antipsychotic drugs that are weak antagonists of D receptors but strong inhibitors of serotonin receptors (specifically the 5-HT2 receptor) Tardive dyskinesia, pseudoparkinsonism, akathisia, dyskinesia Four severe side effects of traditional antipsychotic drugs GI symptoms Main side effect of SSRIs and SNRIs SNRIs (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) Antidepressant drug that works by blocking serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake MAO inhibitors Type of antidepressant drugs that block the enzyme MAO which normally degrades the amine neurotransmitters and removes them from the synaptic cleft MAO inhibitors
and (2) reducing the production of second messengers and affecting intracellular enzymes; may play a neuroprotective role Lithium Side effects of this bipolar disorder drug include:
- Metallic taste in mouth
- Resting hand tremor
- GI problems
- Slurred speech
- Dizziness and vertigo
- Hypertonia
- Confusion
