CE 394 BUILDING SERVICES
•PRINCIPLES OF PLUMBING
•SYSTEM OF WATER SUPPLY AND ITS DESIGN
•DRAINAGE SYSTEM
•SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
•WATER SUPPLY IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS
•CODAL REQUIREMENTS
•NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
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Plumbing in Indian Building Services: Historical Developments and Modern Practices, Papers of Civil Engineering
The historical developments of plumbing in Indian building services, from the Indus Valley Civilizations to modern British influences. It also covers the principles of plumbing, water supply systems, drainage, and solid waste disposal in Indian buildings, referencing various codes and practices. Practicing plumbers must have a license and follow guidelines for house water connections and distribution systems.
What you will learn
- How did Roman civilization influence plumbing?
- What are the criteria for safe and adequate water supply distribution systems in Indian buildings?
- What is the role of a plumber and what materials did they originally work with?
- What were the earliest known uses of plumbing in ancient civilizations?
- What are the key components of a house water connection system in Indian buildings?
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CE 394 BUILDING SERVICES
• PRINCIPLES OF PLUMBING
• SYSTEM OF WATER SUPPLY AND ITS DESIGN
• DRAINAGE SYSTEM
• SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
• WATER SUPPLY IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS
• CODAL REQUIREMENTS
• NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
PLUMBING
Historical Developments
- Indus Valley Civilizations at Harappa and Mohenjodaro, 2500 BC,
used copper and iron pipes in domestic water supplies.
- Roman civilization, 40 BC, used lead pipes in domestic plumbing.
- Plumber is somebody who works with plumbum (Pb).
- Lead seals dissolve lead into water which causes toxicity. USA recently
enacted legislation to remove lead from all water supply networks.
- Formal plumbing with piped water supply and flushed toilets was
introduced in India by Britons during 19th^ century. Most architectural designs therefore have influences of British design. Some Indian architects underwent training in USA in post independence period, which influenced plumbing designs in multistoried buildings.
HOUSE WATER CONNECTION
- Direct supply system
Low-rise dwellings, up to two storeys only Sufficient pressure in mains
- Downtake system
High-rise buildings
Booster pumps with underground or terrace storage
- Ferrule on the main for disconnections
- Stop-cock at service pipe for connections
HOUSE WATER CONNECTION
SIPHONAGE AND BACK PRESSURE
Water flows down Induced siphonage with sharp Flow in waste
main stack e.g. bend at foot of main stack pipe to main
WC discharge
DIRECT SYPPLY SYSTEM
DIRECT OHT SUPPLY TO WC
HYDRO-PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
UNDERGROUND TANK SUPPLY
HOT WATER SYSTEMS
• Direct System
Hot water circulates between boiler and storage
tank and freshwater fed directly into the same
circuit makes up as hot water is drawn-off.
• Indirect System
Hot water in the primary circuit is used only to
raise temperature of stored water (hot water
radiator). It is withdrawn for domestic use from
secondary circuit.
INDIRECT SYSTEM
WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS
Residential Buildings
200 liter per capita per day (lpcd) in buildings with full flushing system (45 lpcd for flushing and the remaining quantity for other requirements 135 lpcd for low income group (LIG) and economically weaker sections (EWS) houses
Other buildings
hospitals, per bed 450 (340 if less than 100 beds); hotels, per bed 180; medical quarters, hostels, boarding schools, 135; restaurants, per seat 70 (15 in theaters); factories, offices, day schools 45;
FIXTURE UNITS
- Fixture unit is an arbitrary chosen scale (e.g. 9 lpm) used for
expressing load producing effect of different plumbing fixtures on the plumbing system.
- Equivalent fixture units for various fixtures are
Water closet, autoflush urinal, slop sink, combination fixture, Shower bath 1 Bath, Wash Basin, Kitchen Sink, Urinal, Drinking Fountain, Ablution Tap, Dish Water 1/
Laboratory Sink, Bath tub 2
- 1 fixture unit per 5 persons
FIXTURE UNITS
BASIC REQUIREMENTS
• INTERMITTENT WATER SUPPLY
Design all fixtures operating simultaneously Probability of simultaneous flow is calculated using statistical methods derived from total number of draw-off points, average time between draw- offs on each occasion and time interval between consecutive uses. Empirical statistical formulae are also available.
- FRETWAL’S FORMULA
Probable number of fixtures operating simultaneously = square root of total number of fixtures in the circuit.
- Normal flow for 10 simultaneously operating fixture units = 0. L/s; 8000 units 30 l/s; linear interpolation between rate of flow and logarithm of number of fixture units for other values.
- COMMONSENSE, e.g. only one fixture unit operates at a time in bathrooms or toilets.