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Plumbing in Indian Building Services: Historical Developments and Modern Practices, Papers of Civil Engineering

The historical developments of plumbing in Indian building services, from the Indus Valley Civilizations to modern British influences. It also covers the principles of plumbing, water supply systems, drainage, and solid waste disposal in Indian buildings, referencing various codes and practices. Practicing plumbers must have a license and follow guidelines for house water connections and distribution systems.

What you will learn

  • How did Roman civilization influence plumbing?
  • What are the criteria for safe and adequate water supply distribution systems in Indian buildings?
  • What is the role of a plumber and what materials did they originally work with?
  • What were the earliest known uses of plumbing in ancient civilizations?
  • What are the key components of a house water connection system in Indian buildings?

Typology: Papers

2019/2020

Uploaded on 10/24/2020

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CE 394 BUILDING SERVICES
PRINCIPLES OF PLUMBING
SYSTEM OF WATER SUPPLY AND ITS DESIGN
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
WATER SUPPLY IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS
CODAL REQUIREMENTS
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
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CE 394 BUILDING SERVICES

• PRINCIPLES OF PLUMBING

• SYSTEM OF WATER SUPPLY AND ITS DESIGN

• DRAINAGE SYSTEM

• SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL

• WATER SUPPLY IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS

• CODAL REQUIREMENTS

• NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

PLUMBING

Historical Developments

  • Indus Valley Civilizations at Harappa and Mohenjodaro, 2500 BC,

used copper and iron pipes in domestic water supplies.

  • Roman civilization, 40 BC, used lead pipes in domestic plumbing.
  • Plumber is somebody who works with plumbum (Pb).
  • Lead seals dissolve lead into water which causes toxicity. USA recently

enacted legislation to remove lead from all water supply networks.

  • Formal plumbing with piped water supply and flushed toilets was

introduced in India by Britons during 19th^ century. Most architectural designs therefore have influences of British design. Some Indian architects underwent training in USA in post independence period, which influenced plumbing designs in multistoried buildings.

HOUSE WATER CONNECTION

  • Direct supply system

Low-rise dwellings, up to two storeys only Sufficient pressure in mains

  • Downtake system

High-rise buildings

Booster pumps with underground or terrace storage

  • Ferrule on the main for disconnections
  • Stop-cock at service pipe for connections

HOUSE WATER CONNECTION

SIPHONAGE AND BACK PRESSURE

Water flows down Induced siphonage with sharp Flow in waste

main stack e.g. bend at foot of main stack pipe to main

WC discharge

DIRECT SYPPLY SYSTEM

DIRECT OHT SUPPLY TO WC

HYDRO-PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

UNDERGROUND TANK SUPPLY

HOT WATER SYSTEMS

• Direct System

Hot water circulates between boiler and storage

tank and freshwater fed directly into the same

circuit makes up as hot water is drawn-off.

• Indirect System

Hot water in the primary circuit is used only to

raise temperature of stored water (hot water

radiator). It is withdrawn for domestic use from

secondary circuit.

INDIRECT SYSTEM

WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS

Residential Buildings

200 liter per capita per day (lpcd) in buildings with full flushing system (45 lpcd for flushing and the remaining quantity for other requirements 135 lpcd for low income group (LIG) and economically weaker sections (EWS) houses

Other buildings

hospitals, per bed 450 (340 if less than 100 beds); hotels, per bed 180; medical quarters, hostels, boarding schools, 135; restaurants, per seat 70 (15 in theaters); factories, offices, day schools 45;

FIXTURE UNITS

  • Fixture unit is an arbitrary chosen scale (e.g. 9 lpm) used for

expressing load producing effect of different plumbing fixtures on the plumbing system.

  • Equivalent fixture units for various fixtures are

Water closet, autoflush urinal, slop sink, combination fixture, Shower bath 1 Bath, Wash Basin, Kitchen Sink, Urinal, Drinking Fountain, Ablution Tap, Dish Water 1/

Laboratory Sink, Bath tub 2

  • 1 fixture unit per 5 persons

FIXTURE UNITS

BASIC REQUIREMENTS

• INTERMITTENT WATER SUPPLY

Design all fixtures operating simultaneously Probability of simultaneous flow is calculated using statistical methods derived from total number of draw-off points, average time between draw- offs on each occasion and time interval between consecutive uses. Empirical statistical formulae are also available.

  • FRETWAL’S FORMULA

Probable number of fixtures operating simultaneously = square root of total number of fixtures in the circuit.

  • Normal flow for 10 simultaneously operating fixture units = 0. L/s; 8000 units 30 l/s; linear interpolation between rate of flow and logarithm of number of fixture units for other values.
  • COMMONSENSE, e.g. only one fixture unit operates at a time in bathrooms or toilets.