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The historical developments of plumbing in Indian building services, from the Indus Valley Civilizations to modern British influences. It also covers the principles of plumbing, water supply systems, drainage, and solid waste disposal in Indian buildings, referencing various codes and practices. Practicing plumbers must have a license and follow guidelines for house water connections and distribution systems.
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Historical Developments
used copper and iron pipes in domestic water supplies.
enacted legislation to remove lead from all water supply networks.
introduced in India by Britons during 19th^ century. Most architectural designs therefore have influences of British design. Some Indian architects underwent training in USA in post independence period, which influenced plumbing designs in multistoried buildings.
Low-rise dwellings, up to two storeys only Sufficient pressure in mains
High-rise buildings
Booster pumps with underground or terrace storage
Water flows down Induced siphonage with sharp Flow in waste
main stack e.g. bend at foot of main stack pipe to main
WC discharge
Residential Buildings
200 liter per capita per day (lpcd) in buildings with full flushing system (45 lpcd for flushing and the remaining quantity for other requirements 135 lpcd for low income group (LIG) and economically weaker sections (EWS) houses
Other buildings
hospitals, per bed 450 (340 if less than 100 beds); hotels, per bed 180; medical quarters, hostels, boarding schools, 135; restaurants, per seat 70 (15 in theaters); factories, offices, day schools 45;
expressing load producing effect of different plumbing fixtures on the plumbing system.
Water closet, autoflush urinal, slop sink, combination fixture, Shower bath 1 Bath, Wash Basin, Kitchen Sink, Urinal, Drinking Fountain, Ablution Tap, Dish Water 1/
Laboratory Sink, Bath tub 2
Design all fixtures operating simultaneously Probability of simultaneous flow is calculated using statistical methods derived from total number of draw-off points, average time between draw- offs on each occasion and time interval between consecutive uses. Empirical statistical formulae are also available.
Probable number of fixtures operating simultaneously = square root of total number of fixtures in the circuit.